The Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere‐Ground Responses to the May 2024 Super Solar Storm

作者：Zhenxia Zhang, Fang Zhang, Lu Wang, Xinqiao Li, Zeren Zhima, Yongfu Wang, Yanyan Yang, Dehe Yang, Shujie Li, Wei Chu, N. Zhou, Dedong Wang, Dali Zhang, R. Battiston, R. Iuppa, Xuhui Shen · 发表于：Space Weather · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1029/2024sw004197 · 被引用次数：18 · 研究领域：Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics、Earthquake Detection and Analysis、Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics

Abstract Earth suffered the attack of the strongest geomagnetic storm in the last 20 years (Kp = 9, Dst −400 nT) occurred on 11 May 2024. Taking advantage of the LEO multi‐parameter CSES satellite (launched in 2018) with a large inclination angle , with the joint observations of NOAA and GOES, we present a comprehensive near‐earth space responses on this super geomagnetic storm and report the precise high energy particle flux enhancements, electric and magnetic field disturbances and plasma density changes. A new proton belt with fluxes exceeding with energy 2.5–14 MeV at L = 1.5 ∼ 2 was formed, which was likely caused by the inward proton penetration from solar proton events(SPEs) and possible energization under the condition of compressed magnetopause in the southward interplanetary magnetic field of subsequent storm sudden commencement(SSC). During this super storm, many kinds of excited electromagnetic (EM) waves, such as ULF waves at several Hz, left‐hand polarized quasi‐periodic waves and magnetosonic waves, were observed in the ionosphere. Simultaneously, the electron and ion density, temperature and the total electron content (TEC) show significantly complicated changes after the storm occurrence. We also investigated the ground influence in western region of China and an obvious Forbush decrease of muon detection by 5 was caused by the storm effect.