Associations between air pollution and daily outpatient visits for dry eye disease and the effect modification of temperature

作者：Dandan Chu, Juan Chen, Chenlu Yang, Na Li, Mingwei Wang, Junzhe Bao · 发表于：BMC Public Health · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1186/s12889-025-22187-4 · 被引用次数：7 · 研究领域：Ocular Surface and Contact Lens、Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization、Corneal surgery and disorders

Abstract Background Dry eye disease (DED) is one of the most common ocular surface disorders caused by various contributors. Air pollutants are considered a risk factor for ocular surface diseases. We aimed to investigate the associations between air pollutants (PM 2.5 , PM 10 , NO 2 , SO 2 , CO and O 3 ) and PM 2.5 constituents and daily outpatient visits for DED, as well as the modifying effect of temperature on the associations. Methods Daily data on DED outpatient visits and environmental variables during 2014–2019 were collected in Hangzhou, China. Distributed lag nonlinear models (DLNM) combined with time-stratified case-crossover design were utilized to evaluate the effects of air pollutants and PM 2.5 constituents on DED daily outpatient visits during 0‒3 lag days. Furthermore, we also estimated the modification effect of temperature stratified by median. The attributable fraction (AF) of air pollutants and PM 2.5 constituents on DED outpatient visits were quantified. Stratified analyses of gender, age, and seasons were conducted to assess vulnerable population characteristics and high-risk periods. Results Every interquartile range increase in PM 2.5 , PM 10 , NO 2 , SO 2 and CO concentration were significantly associated with daily DED cases. The AF were 6.42% (95% CI: 1.09%, 11.58%), 8.00% (2.60%, 13.60%), 18.65% (11.52%, 25.21%), 10.82% (3.92%, 17.24%) and 12.28% (0.23%, 22.86%), respectively. For PM 2.5 constituents, NO 3 − and NH 4 + were associated with DED, wi...