Global Carbon Budget 2024

作者：Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O’Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Peter Landschützer, Corinne Le Quéré, Hongmei Li, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are S. Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen A. Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Almut Arneth, Vivek K. Arora, Nicholas Robert Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Carla F. Berghoff, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Patricia Cadule, Katie Campbell, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise Parsons Chini, Thomas H. Colligan, Jeanne Decayeux, Laique Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Maria Carolina Duran Rojas, Kazutaka Enyo, Wiley Evans, Amanda R. Fay, Richard A. Feely, Daniel J. Ford, Adrianna C. Foster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Andrew Harris, Matthew Hefner, Jens Heinke, GEORGE C. HURTT, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, A. R. Jacobson, Atul Kumar Jain, Tereza Jarníková, Annika L. Jersild, Fei Jiang, Zhe Jin, Etsushi Kato, Ralph F. Keeling, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Xin Ying Lan, Siv Kari Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Zhu Liu, Junjie Liu, Lei Ma, Shamil S. Maksyutov, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Patrick Charles McGuire, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie Monacci, Eric J. Morgan, Shin‐Ichiro Nakaoka, Craig C. Neill, Yosuke Niwa, Tobias B. Nützel, Léa Olivier, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Zhangcai Qin, Laure Resplandy, Alizée Roobaert, Thais Michele Rosan, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, T. Luke Smallman, Stephen M. Smith, Reinel Sospedra‐Alfonso, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Jie Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Roland Séférian, Shintaro Takao, Hiroaki Tatebe, Hanqin Tian, Bronte David Tilbrook, Olivier Torrès, Étienne Tourigny, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Nicola Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Rik H. Wanninkhof, Xuhui Wang, Dongxu Yang, Xiaojuan Yang, Zhen Yu, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Ning Zeng, Jiye Zeng · 发表于：Earth system science data · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.5194/essd-17-965-2025 · 被引用次数：695 · 研究领域：Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics、Climate variability and models、Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize datasets and methodologies to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO 2 emissions ( E FOS ) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change ( E LUC ) are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO 2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate ( G ATM ) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The global net uptake of CO 2 by the ocean ( S OCEAN , called the ocean sink) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based f CO 2 products ( f CO 2 is the fugacity of CO 2 ). The global net uptake of CO 2 by the land ( S LAND , called the land sink) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. Additional lines of evidence on land and ocean sinks are provided by atmospheric inversions, atmospheric oxygen measurements, and Earth system models. The sum of all sources and sinks results in the carbon budget imbalance ( B IM ), a measure of imperfect data and incomplete understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1 ...