Differential associations of somatic and cognitive-affective symptoms of depression with inflammation and insulin resistance: cross-sectional and longitudinal results from the Emotional Distress Sub-Study of the GRADE study

作者：Dominic Ehrmann, Heidi Krause‐Steinrauf, Diane Uschner, Hui Wen, Claire J. Hoogendoorn, Gladys Crespo-Ramos, Caroline Presley, Valerie Arends, Robert M. Cohen, W. Timothy Garvey, Thomas W. Martens, Holly Willis, Andrea Cherrington, Jeffrey S. Gonzalez, J.P. Crandall, M. D. McKee, S. Behringer-Massera, J. Brown-Friday, E. Xhori, K. Ballentine-Cargill, S. Duran, H. Estrella, S. Gonzalez de la Torre, J. Lukin, L. S. Phillips, E. Burgess, D. Olson, M. Rhee, P. Wilson, T. S. Raines, J. Boers, J. Costello, M. Maher-Albertelli, R. Mungara, L Savoye, C. A. White, C. Gullett, L. Holloway, Morehead Ff, S. Person, M. Sibymon, S. Tanukonda, C. Adams, A. Ross, A Balasubramanyam, R. Gaba, E. Gonzalez Hattery, A. Ideozu, J. Jimenez, G. Montes, C. Wright, F. Ismail-Beigi, C. Falck-Ytter, L. Sayyed Kassem, A. Sood, M. Tiktin, T. Kulow, C. Newman, K. A. Stancil, B. Cramer, J. Iacoboni, M. V. Kononets, C. Sanders, L. Tucker, A. Werner, A. Maxwell, G. McPhee, C. Patel, Colosimo Lr, A. Krol, R. Goland, J Pring, Alfano Lf, P. Kringas, C. Hausheer, J. Tejada, K. Gumpel, A. Kirpitch, H. Schneier, Mariash Cn, K.J. Mather, HM Ismail, A. Lteif, M. Mullen, T. Hamilton, N. Patel, G. Riera, M. Jackson, V. Pirics, D. Aguillar, D. Howard, S. Hurt, R. Bergenstal, A. Carlson, M. Johnson, R. Hill, Hyatt Jd, C. Jensen, M. Madden, D. Martin, W. Konerza, S. Yang, K. Kleeberger, R. Passi, Fortmann Sp, Herson Mr, K. Mularski, H S Glauber, J Príhoda, B. Ash, C. Carlson, PA Ramey, E. Schield, B. Torgrimson-Ojerio, K. Arnold, B. Kauffman, E. Panos, S. Sahnow, Bays Kd, K. Berame, J. Cook, D. Ghioni, J. Gluth, K. Schell, J. Criscola, C. Friason, S. Jones, S. Nazarov, D. Wexler, M. E. Larkin, J. Meigs, B. Chambers, A. Dushkin, Rocchio Gl, M. Yepes, B. Steiner, H. Dulin, M. Cayford, K. Chu, A. DeManbey, M. Hillard, K. Martin, N. Thangthaeng, L. Gurry, R. Kochis, E. Raymond, V. Ripley, C. Stevens, J. Park, V. Aroda, A. Ghazi, M. Magee, A. Ressing, A E Loveland, M. Hamm, M. Hurtado, A. Kuhn, J. Leger, L. Manandhar, F. Mwicigi, O. Sanchez, T. Young, R. Garg, V. Lagari-Libhaber, H.J. Florez, Valencia Wm, J. Marks, S Casula, L. Oropesa-Gonzalez, Hue L, A. Cuadot, R. Nieto-Martinez, A M Rodríguez Véliz, M. Gutt, Y. J. Kendal, B. Veciana, S. H. Hox, H. Petrovitch, M. Matwichyna, V. Jenkins, L. Broadwater, R. R. Ishii, N. O. Bermudez, D. S. Hsia, Cefalu Wt, Greenway Fl, C Waguespack, E. King, G. Fry, A. Dragg, B. Gildersleeve, J. Arceneaux, N. Haynes, A. Thomassie, M. Pavlionis, B. Bourgeois, Hazlett Cb, J. Krakoff, J. M. Curtis, T. Killean, M. Khalid, E. Joshevama, E. Díaz, K. Tsingine, T. Karshner, MA Banerji, August Pj, M. Lee, D. Lorber, N. M. Brown, D. H. Josephson, L. L. Thomas, M. Tsovian, A. Cherian, M. H. Jacobson, M. M. Mishko, D. Dyer, M. C. R. Lawson, O. Griffith, A. Agne, S. McCullars, J. Craig, M. C. Rogge, K. Burton, K. Kersey, C. Wilson, S. Lipp, M. B. Vonder Meulen, Adkins Cd, T. Onadeko, N Rasouli, C. Baker, E. Schroeder, M. Razzaghi, C. Lyon, R. Penaloza, C. Underkofler, R. Lorch, S. Douglass, S. Steiner, W. I. Sivitz, E C Cline, L.K. Knosp, J. McConnell, T. Lowe, W. H. Herman, R. Pop-Busui, M. H. Tan, C. Martin, A. Waltje, A. Katona, L. Goodhall, R. Eggleston, S. Kuo, S. Bojescu, S. Bule, N. Kessler, Martin de Lasalle E, K Whitley, Seaquist Er, A. Bantle, T. Harindhanavudhi, A. Kumar, B. Redmon, Bantle Jp, M. Coe, M. Mech, A. Taddese, L. Lesne, S. Smith, C. Desouza, L. Kuechenmeister, V. Shivaswamy, S. Burbach, M. G. Rodriguez, Seipel Kg, A. Alfred, A. L. Morales, J. Eggert, G. Lord, W. Taylor, R. Tillson, Schade Ds, Adolphe Ab, M. Burge, E. Duran-Valdez, J. Martinez, A. Bancroft, S. Kunkel, F. Ali Jamaleddin Ahmad, D. Hernandez McGinnis, B. Pucchetti, E. Scripsick, A. Zamorano, P. Raskin, C. Rhee, S. Abraham, L. F. Jordan, Sao S, L. Morton, O. Smith, L. Osornio Walker, L. Schnurr-Breen, Ayala Rp, R. B. Kreymer, D A Sturgess, K. M. Utzschneider, S. E. Kahn, L. Alarcon-Casas Wright, E.J. Boyko, E S Tsai, D.L. Trence, S. Trikudanathan, B. N. Fattaleh, B. K. Montgomery, K. M. Atkinson, A S Kozedub, T. Concepcion, C. Moak, N. Prikhodko, S. Rhothisen, Tamborlane Wv, A. Camp, B. Gulanski, S. E. Inzucchi, K. Pham, M. Alguard, P. Gatcomb, K. Lessard, M. Pérez, Iannone La, E. Magenheimer, A. Montosa, J. Fradkin, H. B. Burch, A Bremer, D. M. Nathan, J. M. Lachin, J.B. Buse, N. Younes, I. Bebu, N. Butera, C. J. Buys, A. Fagan, Y. Gao, A. Ghosh, M.R. Gramzinski, S. D. Hall, E. Kazemi, E. Legowski, H. Liu, C. Suratt, M. Tripputi, A. Arey, M. Backman, J. Bethepu, C. Lund, P Mangat Dhaliwal, McGee Pm, E. Mesimer, Ngo Ls, M. Steffes, J. Seegmiller, A Saenger, D A Gabrielson, T. Conner, S. Warren, J. Day, J. Huminik, A. Scrymgeour, Ivan Abdouch, Gul Bahtiyar, P. Brantley, F.E. Broyles, Gay Canaris, Paul Copeland, J.J. Craine, W.L. Fein, A Gliwa, Lisel M. Hope, Melissa S. Lee, R. Meiners, Vaughan Meiners, Hollis O’Neal, James E. Park, Alan Sacerdote, E. Sledge, Soni Lk, Jeanne Steppel-Reznik, Alexander Turchin, Sherita H. Golden, Aanand D. Naik, Elizabeth A. Walker · 发表于：Diabetologia · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1007/s00125-025-06369-8 · 被引用次数：15 · 研究领域：Tryptophan and brain disorders、Stress Responses and Cortisol、Cardiac Health and Mental Health

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Insulin resistance and inflammation are components of a biological framework that is hypothesised to be shared by type 2 diabetes and depression. However, depressive symptoms include a large heterogeneity of somatic and cognitive-affective symptoms, and this may obscure the associations within this biological framework. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data were used to disentangle the contributions of insulin resistance and inflammation to somatic and cognitive-affective symptoms of depression. METHODS: This secondary analysis used data from the Emotional Distress Sub-Study of the GRADE trial. Insulin resistance and inflammation were assessed using the HOMA-IR estimation and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels, respectively, at baseline and at the study visits at year 1 and year 3 (HOMA-IR) and every 6 months (hsCRP) for up to 3 years of follow-up. Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), and a total score as well as symptom cluster scores for cognitive-affective and somatic symptoms were calculated. For the cross-sectional analyses, linear regression analyses were performed, with inflammation and insulin resistance at baseline as dependent variables. For the longitudinal analyses, linear mixed-effect regression analyses were performed, with inflammation and insulin resistance at the various time points as dependent variables. In all analyses, depressive symptoms (total score and symptom clu...