Global, regional and national trends in the burden of intracranial hemorrhage, 1990–2021: Results from the Global Burden of Disease study

作者：Wanyue Li, Xinyi Ruan, Huafei Yang, Shenyu Zhang, Furong Rui, Jun Xiong · 发表于：Heliyon · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42608 · 被引用次数：10 · 研究领域：Intracerebral and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Research、Acute Ischemic Stroke Management、Neurosurgical Procedures and Complications

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a significant global public health issue that is characterized by a rapid start, severe symptoms, and a poor prognosis. It is the most common type of hemorrhagic stroke. We analyzed global intracranial hemorrhage incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and corresponding age-standardized rates (ASRs) and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) by using GBD 2021 data. The data were further stratified by age, sex, and region to assess the global burden of ICH from 1990 to 2021, providing the most up-to-date epidemiologic reference data for public health prevention and treatment strategies. In 2021, there were 3,444,300 (95 % UI, 305.30 to 381.20) new cases, 3,308,400 (302.11-359.47) deaths and 79,457,400 (7230.45-8548.02) DALYs. The burden of intracranial hemorrhage was higher in Oceania and Southeast Asia (Age-standardized DALY rates of 2582.46 per 100,000 and 1976.78 per 100,000), but lower in Australasia (126.59), high-income North America (221.19), and Western Europe (161.23). Of the 204 countries and territories globally, the burden of intracranial hemorrhage is higher in countries such as Nauru, Solomon Islands and Marshall Islands. From 1990 to 2021, global age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR), and age-standardized DALY rates (ASDR) declined, corresponding to EAPCs of -1.52, -1.63 and -1.75, with females declining more than males. In 2021, the most significant risk fact...