Exploring the anti-inflammatory effects of phytochemicals in attenuating interstitial cystitis-a literature review

作者：İrfan Anjum, Ayesha Nasir, Faiza Naseer, Ahsan Ibrahim, Bisma Rehman, Fawad Bashir, Qura Tul Ain · 发表于：Frontiers in Pharmacology · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.3389/fphar.2025.1483548 · 被引用次数：6 · 研究领域：Dermatology and Skin Diseases、Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Protection、Urinary Bladder and Prostate Research

Interstitial cystitis is a fierce syndrome affecting the quality of life of thousands of individuals around the globe. It causes immense pain in the bladder and associated viscera along with inflammation-like lesions. The current medicinal and pharmacological research focuses on the protective and curative effects of phytochemicals in several ailments. Phytochemicals derived from many medicinal plants have shown potent outcomes in protection against various pathological conditions including interstitial cystitis. This review has summarized the insights of in vitro and in vivo studies regarding the effects of phytochemicals in fading the inflammation in bladder tissue and exhibiting a protective effect on the urothelium. Hemorrhagic cystitis is a common manifestation in patients undergoing chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide and related alkylating agents. Sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (Mesna) has traditionally been employed in clinical practice to counter cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in humans. However, cyclophosphamide has been employed in developing animal models of interstitial cystitis in in vivo studies. Phytochemicals including quercetin, beta-caryophyllene, curcumol, boswellic acid, caftaric acid, some flavonoids and other secondary metabolites being a consequential component of numerous medicinal plants, have displayed a significant reduction in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, NFĸB, IL-1β, NLRP3 inflammasome, IL-6, IL-2, matrix metallop...