Metabolomic Insights into Smoking-Induced Metabolic Dysfunctions: A Comprehensive Analysis of Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolomes

作者：M. Aslam, Hajra Iqbal, Kainat Ilyas, Kanwal Rehman, Amjad Hussain, Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash, Mudassar Shahid, Shuqing Chen · 发表于：Metabolites · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.3390/metabo15020096 · 被引用次数：25 · 研究领域：Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies、Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies、Nutritional Studies and Diet

Background: Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of preventable mortality, largely due to the absence of effective, non-invasive biomarkers for early disease detection. Profiling serum metabolomics to identify metabolic changes holds the potential to accelerate the detection process and identify individuals at risk of developing smoking-related diseases. Objectives: This study investigated the biochemical and metabolomic changes induced by nicotine exposure, with a focus on disruptions in amino acid, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Methods: Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to observe significant disruptions in lipid and amino acid metabolism, along with alterations in key metabolic pathways. A total of 400 smokers and 100 non-smokers were included to evaluate the biomarkers related to insulin resistance, blood lipid profile, inflammation, and kidney and liver function. Results: The results demonstrated significantly elevated (p < 0.05) levels of glycemic markers in smokers, including fasting blood glucose; glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c); and inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Smokers also exhibited dyslipidemia, with increased total cholesterol (154.888 ± 35.565) and LDL levels (117.545 ± 24.138). Impaired liver and kidney function was evident, with significantly higher levels (p < 0.05) of AST, ALP, ALT, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine in smokers. A total of 930 metabolites were ide...