Global burden and cross-country inequalities of nutritional deficiencies in adults aged 65 years and older, 1990–2021: population-based study using the GBD 2021

作者：Shuang Liang, Shaozhi Xi, Jiayi Liu, Gui-Chun Tang, Wei‐Guang Zhang, Xin-Ru Guo, Yang Chen, Chun Zhang, Guangyan Cai · 发表于：BMC Geriatrics · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1186/s12877-025-05728-9 · 被引用次数：16 · 研究领域：Nutrition and Health in Aging、Iron Metabolism and Disorders、Folate and B Vitamins Research

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Nutritional deficiencies remain significant public health issues in older populations globally. This study evaluates the burden, trends, and cross-country inequalities of four common nutritional deficiencies (protein-energy malnutrition, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, and dietary iron deficiency) in older adults from 1990 to 2021. METHODS: Age-standardised prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) of these deficiencies in people aged ≥ 65 years at global, regional, and national levels were estimated from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021. Cross-country inequalities in disease burden were quantified using the slope index and concentration index, standard health equity methods recommended by the World Health Organization. RESULTS: Globally, age-standardised prevalence rates of protein-energy malnutrition increased from 1407.16 per 100 000 population in 1990 to 2015.58 in 2021, with an AAPC of 1.18 (1.08-1.28), showing significant changes in 2015 and 2019, which were turning points in the joinpoint regression. Age-standardised prevalence rates of iodine, vitamin A, and dietary iron deficiencies decreased, with AAPCs of -0.49 (-0.53 to -0.44), -3.24 (-3.27 to -3.20), and - 0.14 (-0.17 to -0.12), respectively. Except for an increase in the DALY rate of vitamin A deficiency (AAPC 0.40), the DALY rates of the other three deficiencies decreased. Inequality...