The Sikkim flood of October 2023: Drivers, causes, and impacts of a multihazard cascade

作者：Ashim Sattar, Kristen Cook, Shashi Kant, Étienne Berthier, Simon Allen, Sonam Rinzin, Maximillian Van Wyk de Vries, Wilfried Haeberli, Pradeep Kushwaha, Dan H. Shugar, Adam Emmer, Umesh K. Haritashya, Holger Frey, Praful Rao, Kori Sanjay Kumar Gurudin, Prabhakar Rai, Rajeev Rajak, Faruk Hossain, Christian Huggel, Martin Mergili, Mohd Farooq Azam, Simon Gascoin, Jonathan L. Carrivick, Louie Elliot Bell, Rakesh Kumar Ranjan, Irfan Rashid, Anil V. Kulkarni, David N. Petley, Wolfgang Schwanghart, C. Scott Watson, Nazimul Islam, M Gupta, Stuart N. Lane, Shahid Younis Bhat · 发表于：Science · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1126/science.ads2659 · 被引用次数：133 · 研究领域：Cryospheric studies and observations、Flood Risk Assessment and Management、Precipitation Measurement and Analysis

On 3 October 2023, a multihazard cascade in the Sikkim Himalaya, India, was triggered by 14.7 million cubic meters of frozen lateral moraine collapsing into South Lhonak Lake. The impact generated an ~20-meter tsunami-like impact wave, which breached the moraine and drained ~50 million cubic meters of the lake's water. The ensuing glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) eroded ~270 million cubic meters of sediment, which overwhelmed infrastructure, including hydropower installations along the Teesta River. The physical scale and human and economic impacts of this event prompt urgent reflection on the role of climate change and human activities in exacerbating such disasters. Insights into multihazard evolution are pivotal for informing policy development, enhancing early warning systems (EWS), and spurring paradigm shifts in GLOF risk management strategies in the Himalaya and other mountain environments.