Sex Differences in Long COVID

作者：Dimpy P. Shah, Tanayott Thaweethai, Elizabeth W. Karlson, Hector Bonilla, Benjamin D. Horne, Janet M. Mullington, Juan P. Wisnivesky, Mady Hornig, Daniel J. Shinnick, Jonathan D. Klein, Nathaniel Erdmann, Shari B. Brosnahan, Joyce Lee‐Iannotti, Torri D. Metz, Christine Maughan, Ighovwerha Ofotokun, Harrison T. Reeder, Lauren E. Stiles, Aasma Shaukat, Rachel Hess, Hassan Ashktorab, Logan Bartram, Ingrid V. Bassett, Jacqueline Becker, Hassan Brim, Alexander W. Charney, Tananshi Chopra, Rebecca G. Clifton, Steven G. Deeks, Kristine M. Erlandson, Daniel S. Fierer, Valerie J. Flaherman, Vivian Fonseca, Jennifer C. Gander, Sally Hodder, Vanessa L. Jacoby, Pavitra Kotini‐Shah, Jerry A. Krishnan, Andre Kumar, Bruce D. Levy, David Lieberman, Jenny J. Lin, Jeffrey N. Martin, Grace A. McComsey, Talal Moukabary, Megumi J. Okumura, Michael J. Peluso, Clifford J. Rosen, George Saade, Pankil Shah, Zaki A. Sherif, Barbara S. Taylor, Katherine R. Tuttle, Alfredo E. Urdaneta, Julie A. Wallick, Zanthia Wiley, David Zhang, Leora I. Horwitz, Andrea S. Foulkes, Nora G. Singer, Jenny E. Han, Vincent C. Marconi, Ighovwerha Ofotokun, Rachel E. Patzer, Tiffany Walker, Rachael Abraham, Franchesca A. Aguilar, Ghazal Ahmadi-Izad, Dilshad R. Ahmed, Alicarmen Alvarez, Blake Anderson, Walter D. Asencios, Casey L. Beaty, Brahmchetna Bedi, Jasmine A. Berry, Donchel Boone, Mary Bower, J. Douglas Bremner, Corbin Brent, Ke’Ara Brown-Smith, Rachel Bull, Gustavo Capo, Kelechi Carl-Igwe, Calista Chitadze, Nachi Chukwumerije, Erna Clyburn, Shelby Collins, Julie Costello, Grace Couture, Angel Craft, Xiangqin Cui, Carlos del Rio, Joshua F. Detelich, Cartia Dixon, Jeanne Dow, D.J. Doyle, Jannah Elchommali, Imani Elsey, Nicole Franks, Julia W. Gallini, Evan Gutter, Jess Harding, Liliana Hernández, Carla Holloway, Cynthia Ifejika, Rijalda Jasarevic, Vidhi Javia, Mykayla Jeter, Yasha Joseph, Monica Juarez, Caitlin M. Kirkpatrick, Athena Koumanelis, Shilpa Krishnan, Jose D. Leon, Valerie Lew, Cheryl L. Maier, Nour Makkaoui, Mara Maroney, Christopher F. Martin, Loice Mbogo, Atuarra McCaslin, J. McIntyre, Abeer Moanna, Miranda Montoya, Elena Martín Morales, Caitlin A. Moran, Calista Murray, Roslin Nelson, Tran Thuy Nguyen, B. Ojoawo, Eileen Osinski, Sofia Oviedo, Yolanda Paredes-Gaitan, Michael Prude, Grace Ramakrishnan, Paulina A. Rebolledo, Marjorie Roberts, Keysha Robinson, Chantrice Rogers, Nadine Rouphael, Charles Searles, Marni Segall, Anand Shah, Ruvina Silva, Cheryl Simpson, Krystal Simpson-Derrell, Talib Sirajud-Deen, Jacob Stroud, Mehul S. Suthar, Cory Sylber, Ashley Sylvera, Larissa Teunis, Kodasha M. Thomas, Kehmia Titanji, Christopher Toy, Alex Truong, Viola Vaccarino, Kris Varney, Kartavya J. Vyas, Kurt Vyas, Max Walkow, Tamara Wesley, Juton R. Winston, Terra J. Winter, Cherry Wongtrakool, Sushma K. Cribbs, Anyssa G. Francis, Tina P. Hang, Ketteria D. Ingram, Jordi Lainez, Zanthia Wiley, Arijan Ager, Mary Atha, Natalie Gray, Ash Grimes, Lauren N. Hewitt, Christopher Huerta, Brandi Johnson, Lana Khalil, Dean J. Kleinhenz, Alexandra Koumanelis, Rebecca Kozoman, Matthew A. Lee, Kennedy C. Lewis, Matthew Litvack, Tsungirirai Maramba, Christina Mehta, Bernadine Panganiban, Kazi Mizanur Rahman, Veronica E. Smith, Andre Stringer, Maliya Tolbert, Jessica Traenkner, Kristen Unterberger, Heqiong Wang, Erika Wimberly, Qian Yang, Jennifer C. Gander, Robert B. Neuman, Patricia A. Bush, Alex F. Hudgins, Imanii Kolailat, Monica Martinez, Sierra G. Thompson, Chiagoziem Agu, Priscilla Pemu, Amir Afani, Concilia Ariri, Annette Dandy, Kaysha Harper, Carmel Ibeawuchi, Brianna Lawrence, Jan Morgan‐Billingslea, Elizabeth I. Ojemakinde, Karina Smith, Bruce D. Levy, Masanori Aikawa, Lindsey R. Baden, Gaston Baslet, Lindsey Bennett, Shamik Bhattacharyya, Julie E. Buring, R. Cagnina, Long‐Qing Chen, Cheryl R. Clark, Pieter A. Cohen, Charles A. Czeisler, Peter Estill, Elizabeth Gay, Jessica Hong, Daniela Lamas, Sarina Lay, Nomi C. Levy‐Carrick, JoAnn E. Manson, Tobasom Monafrared, Susan Redline, Elijah J. Remis, Daniel Schilkrut, Howard D. Sesso, Scott D. Solomon, Jeffrey A. Sparks, Lia L. Spencer, David M. Systrom, Phyo Phyo Min Thu, David R. Walt, George Washko, Maureen Whittelsey, Rebecca Wiener, Ingrid V. Bassett, George A. Alba, Taing N. Aung, Leo C. Ginns, Jennifer S. Haas, Yanxiang Hu, Boris D. Juelg, Diane G. Kanjilal, Arthur Y. Kim, Elizabeth B. Klerman, Greg Lewis, Awo Musa, Bisola O. Ojikutu, Roy H. Perlis, Jonathan Rosand, Zachary S. Wallace, Dean Xerras, Danielle Zionts, Janet M. Mullington, Ai‐ris Y. Collier, Tamara G. Fong, Monika Haack, Kristine Hauser, Jason H. Maley, Yuri Quintana, Lynn Shaughnessy, Kathryn E. Stephenson, Robert J. Thomas, Robert Carreras‐Torres, Jai Marathe, Elizabeth R. Duffy, Naomi M. Hamburg, Misaki Kobayashi, George O'connor, Fitzgerald M. Shepherd, Charles T. Williams, Haihua Zhang, Janice John, Amberly Ticotsky, Honorine Ward, Deborah Blazey-Martin, Maher Ghamloush, Michael R. Jordan, Laura Kogelman, Nathaniel Erdmann, Emily B. Levitan, Alan Tita, Donna Armstrong, Susan E. Binkley, Kenneth Blackwell, Annalia Causey, Felice Cook, Julio Domingo, Conner Donahue, Maitlyn Eady, Jeffrey C. Edberg, Kentevious Forehand, Patrick Frazier, Noah Garcia-McClaney, Melissa Garner, Brandon Gray, Wanda Hall, Cady Hart, Camden L. Hebson, Bertha Hidalgo, Kaylen Holtzapfel, Alexis Jinright, Suzanne E. Judd, Teri Kennedy, Leigh Kirkwood, Megan Maier, Patricia McCormack, Kevin Mitchell, Aoyjai P. Montgomery, Myriam Peralta-Carcelén, Juan P. Pilco, Leigh Powell, Jacob Royster, Rachael Shevin, Sidney Skipworth, Leah Spurgeon, Courtney Steele, Jane Vines, Gregory Ware, Rosanne Wilson, Dana L. Woodruff, Brandon Young, Mark N. Gillespie, Casey L. Daniel, Jamie Hansel, Jing Wu, Thomas W. Carton, Lucio Miele, Todd T. Brown, Erica Sutherland, Jyotsna Fuloria, Paula Datri, Michael Hagensee, Cathryn Leggio, Allen Perkins, Amber Trauth, Siobhan Trotter, Alexander Van Deerlin, Sharon Weiser, Madeline Young, Hassan Ashktorab, Hassan Brim, Adeyinka O. Laiyemo, Zaki A. Sherif, Saima Durrani, Ali Nezamloo, Julius S. Ngwa, Noelle Njoku, Monique P. Gentil, Alem Mehari, Akbar Solemani, Linda Chang, Paul J. Thuluvath, Mhret Alemu, Jordan Anderson, Mahak Chauhan, Sung Woo Cho, Karli Goodman, Gandi Lanke, Ralph Lebron, Anurag Maheshwari, Jina Ok, Chau To, Sally Hodder, James M. Bardes, Daphne Dominique-Villanueva, Joy Juskowich, Rebecca Reece, Arif R Sarwari, Judd E. Shellito, Frank L. Greenway, John P. Kirwan, Gabrielle Rodemann, Clifford J. Rosen, Abigail Arruda, Tristan Brunet, Ivette F. Emery, Theresa Roelke, Paul Berger, Susan E. Hoover, Lora Black, B Joel Tjarks, Vivian Fonseca, Shaveeta Gupta, Michele Longo, Mei Yang, Cecilia M. Shikuma, Dominic C. Chow, Louis MarGangcuangco, Mario Castro, Charles D. Bengtson, Theresa Howard, Brandon Koontz, Leslie Spikes, Christopher Simmons, Sidney W. Whiteheart, Beth A. Garvy, Jeremy P. Wood, Gailen D. Marshall, Vishnu Garla, Joy Kuebler, Utsav Nandi, Andrew Vasey, David E. Warren, John D. Dickinson, Timothy M. VanWagoner, Amanda Bogie, Daniel J. Heyanka, Judith A. James, James Scott, Fatima I. Sukhera, Carlos A. Luciano Roman, Sigrid Perez Frontera, Jorge Santana Bagur, Jonathan D. Klein, Jerry A. Krishnan, Janet Lin, Naoko Muramatsu, Bellur S. Prabhakar, Heather M. Prendergast, Terry L. Vanden Hoek, Dara R. Adams, Aileen Baker, Sunni Barbera, Sanjib Basu, Susan C Bleasdale, Andrew D. Boyd, Taylor Breiter, Irina A. Buhimschi, Michael D. Carrithers, Rashmika Chalamalla, David Chestek, Judith Α. Cook, Dawood Darbar, Raktima Dasgupta, Felicia Davis Blakley, Julie A. DeLisa, Kathleen R. Diviak, Meghan F. Donlon, Mark S. Dworkin, Angela M. Ellison, Clarie Flanigan, Michael B. Freedman, Lynn B. Gerald, Wayne H. Giles, Howard S. Gordon, Bayan Hammad, Sharon Hasek, Wendy Hasse, Martyna Hryniewicka, Sai D. Illendula, Nahed Ismail, Akash Jain, Kyle J. Jennette, Grace Kadubek, Denise A. Kent, Denise A. Kent, Keri S. Kim, Pavitra Kotini‐Shah, Lucia Large, James P. Lash, Jun Lü, Abeer M. Mahamed, Sergey Malchenko, Miriam Martínez, Cammeo Mauntel‐Medici, Mark McCauley, Martha Menchaca, Robin J. Mermelstein, David J. Moreno, Liam Morrissy, Hugh Musick, Lourdes Norwick, Richard M. Novak, Marilyn Ortiz, Khushboo Patel, Nicolas L. Perez, Neil H. Pliskin, Sam Pope, Bharati Prasad, Barbara Predki, John G. Quigley, Ramaswamy Ramchandran, Ana Ramírez, Sarah Rappe, Jalees Rehman, Matthew Rowley, Gowrisree Rudraraju, Melissa Rutherfoord, Jennifer A. Sculley, Jerisha Smith-Mack, Jun Sun, Nancy Tartt, Laura Villanueva, Sara Warfield Kelly, Cemal Yazıcı, Marta Certa, Erica Chessier, Emily Everett, Elijah Kindred, Pastor C. Harris, Praveen Sudhindra, Lela Olds, Lisa Aponte‐Soto, Marina Del Rios, Maya Z. Diaz, Alejandra L. Ibanez, Cesar Rolon, Savannah Cranford, Daniel B. Brown, Jennifer Dixon, Lisa Gale, Savannah Hammerl, Kimberly Hartwig, Abhigna Madineni, Peyton Swearingen, Monica Hendrickson, Seth Noland, Tracy Terlinde, Brianna Hobbs, Sarah A. Stewart de Ramirez, Dawn Bolliger, Jerusha Boyineni, Praneeth Chebrolu, Hannah L. Curry, Sarah E. Donohue, Sherrie Edmonds, Sara Warfield Kelly, Phoebe Maholovich, Samer B. Sader, Tiffany Thompson, Hannah Welter, Brittany Woolley, John W. Hafner, Keith A. Hanson, Robert Hutton, Alexander W. Charney, Patricia Kovatch, Miriam Mérad, Girish N. Nadkarni, Juan P. Wisnivesky, Judith A. Aberg, Steven Ascolillo, Emilia Bagiella, Logan Bartram, Jacqueline Becker, Noam D. Beckmann, Ashley Bendl, Benjamin K. Chen, Alyssa Civil, Ginger Y. Crawford, K. Dhar, Lorraine Evo-Ortega, Daniel S. Fierer, Emily J. Gallagher, Adolfo García‐Sastre, Sacha Gnjatic, Ian Gray, Sabina Guliyeva, Lori Harvey-Ingram, Julia Herrera-Moreno, Matthew Hill, Carol R. Horowitz, Rachel Jackson, Din Kastrat, Anu Lala-Trindade, Jenny J. Lin, Nick Macaluso, Kathryn Marcon, Dara Meyer, Janice Morinigo, Benjamin H. Natelson, Maya Nussenzweig, Tiffani Padua, David Putrino, Lynne Richardson, Scott J. Russo, Alan C. Seifert, Abdullah Serri, Jordan Walker, Michell Yee, Lucinda Bateman, Rachel Hess, Dongngan T. Truong, Natalya Alekhina, Jackson Barlocker, Jeanette P. Brown, Melissa Cortez, Dagny K Donohue, Julio C. Facelli, Isaac Ford, Ramkiran Gouripeddi, Jessica A. Hermansen, Jace D. Johnny, Ashton M. Lindsay, Leah Ling, Jennifer E. V. Lloyd, Yue Lü, Juliemar C. Medina, Sarah Shizuko Morimoto, Laura Pace, Jenny M. Powell, Mary Beth Scholand, Kevin Shah, Nasser Sharareh, Adam M. Spivak, Caitlyn Stringham, Joel D. Trinity, Matt Velinder, Lisa J. Weaver, Suzanne D. Vernon, Sara J. Deakyne Davies, Edward M. Gardner, Tanner W. Bryan, Kaitlin E. Buck, Kellie L. Hawkins, Judy Oakes, Benjamin D. Horne, Kirk U. Knowlton, Scott C. Woller, Bailee Aguirre, Jeff Anderson, Tami L. Bair, Lindsay Bosh, Lorlie Evans, Chase Garrett, Dixie Harris, Katherine Herrera, Leslie Iverson, McKenna M. Jensen, James Juan, Stacey Knight, Lindsay Leither, Heather Maestas, Heidi T. May, Gabriel Najarian, Tiaura Webb, Shyanne Zubal, Kristine M. Erlandson, Ron J. Sokol, Marisa Brightman, Debra Davis, Elen Feuerriegel, Harrison Z. Fudge, Lohit Garg, Janine Higgins, Sarah E. Jolley, Tim Lockie, Sean McCandless, Chloe Pitch, Jane E.B. Reusch, Brook Thurman, Giang Huong Tran, Shelby C. West, Naomi P. Friedman, Katelyn R. Ludwig, Lauren A. Decker, Hengameh Raissy, Natalie L. Adolphi, David A. Archuleta, Steven B. Bradfute, Rebecca Brito, Jamie Elifritz, Noella D. Garcia-Soberanez, Frederick D. Gentry, Michelle Harkins, Noah I. Martinez, Lorenzo A. Montoya, Alisha N. Parada, Davin K. Quinn, Alfredo Ramos, Elyce B. Sheehan, Irena S. Treacher, Grace A. McComsey, Cara Adams, John Andrefsky, Ornina Atieh, Jhonny Baissary, Nicholas Boldt, Ann Conrad, Brian D’Anza, Ziad Koberssy, Joviane Daher, Sarah Dawson, Kathryn DiFrancesco, Jared Durieux, Theresa Foster, Michelle Gallagher, Amit Gupta, Jami Harrill, Paul Harris, Carla Hernandez, Sarah Ialacci, Frank J. Jacono, J. Daniel Kelly, Rohini Kumar, Danielle Labbato, Elizabeth Lesco, Joaquin Lim, Kimberly Pettinato, Michael Rodgers, Breandan Rosolia, Arnab Roy, Sarah Scott, Beth Smith, Viral Tejani, Megan Tribout, George A. Yendewa, David Zhang, Nora G. Singer, Mirna Ayache, Emma Barnboym, Alexis Brown, Hailey Chesnick, Marissa Edminston, Carla Greenwood, Maricela Haghiac, Elizabeth S. Kaufman, Ketrin Lengu, Rebecca Lowenthal, Shahdi K. Malakooti, Christine Oleson, Ann Pearman, Allison Rizea, Cheryl Smith, Maggie Washington, Elisheva Weinberger, James R. Heath, Conor Brennan, Rick Edmark, Vanessa Gutiérrez, Jennifer Hadlock, Sarah Li, Andrew T. Magis, Connor McDonald, Kim M. Murray, Lee Rowen, Dan Yuan, Peter Chen, Antonina Caudill, Tananshi Chopra, Fatima Contreras, Lea Dahlke, Lasya Gudipudi, Susan Jackman, Matthew Modes, Nicole Muttera, Chloe Nelson, Tanyalak Parimon, Nancy Salinas, Josie Tadeo, Sam Torbati, Sara Watson, Katherine R. Tuttle, Radica Z. Alicic, Joni Baxter, Sarah Emerson, Susan Hood, Kelli Kuykendall, Shane White, L Wilcox, Jason D. Goldman, Heather A. Algren, James Del Alcazar, Alexandria M. Duven, John Kaneko, Christina Kim, Paula Manner, Carly Mason, Ashley Okada, Rachel Poussier, Richard Satira, Julie A. Wallick, Helen Y. Chu, Anna Elias-Warren, Alex Harteloo, Jennifer K. Logue, Kathryn McCaffrey, Helen Nguyen, Anoop M. Nambiar, Thomas F. Patterson, Jennifer Sharpe Potter, Marzieh Salehi, Kumar Sharma, Monica Verduzco‐Gutierrez, Reed Anderson, Azaneth Arellanes, Rose Ann Barajas, Suneet P. Chauhan, Geoffrey D. Clarke, Cheryl E. Farner, M Fischer, Mark P. Goldberg, Gabrielyd Hastings, Patricia Heard, Jessica Hernández, Italia Herrera, Edgar Infante, Hillary Johnson, Johnnie Jones, Dean L. Kellogg, Ellen Kraig, Lisa Longoria, Emeka Emmanuel Okafor, Jan E. Patterson, Alexis Pinones, William Reeves, Irma Scholler, Sudha Seshadri, Pankil Shah, Dimpy P. Shah, Marlaysha Smith, Bridgette Soileau, Pamela Solis, Carmen Stoebner, Michael B. Sullivan, Barbara S. Taylor, Robin Tragus, Joel Tsevat, Keren Hasbani, George R. Saade, Kavita Sharma, Claudia C. Paredes-Amaya, Stephanie Alvarado, Andre Kumar, Yvonne Maldonado, Paul J. Utz, Catherine A. Blish, Minjoung Go, Prasanna Jagannathan, Upinder Singh, Neera Ahuja, Andra L. Blomkalns, Hector Bonilla, Richard Brotherton, Kimberly Clinton, Vaidehi Dingankar, Linda N. Geng, François Haddad, Christopher Jamero, Kathryn Jee, Xiaolin Jia, Naresh Khurana, Mitchell G. Miglis, Ellen O’Conor, Kelly Olszewski, Divya Pathak, Orlando Quintero, Corey Saperia, Jake Scott, Alfredo E. Urdaneta, Mary Rithu Varkey, Janko Nikolich‐Žugich, Sairam Parthasarathy, Kacey C. Ernst, Denise Rodríguez Esquivel, David T. Harris, Stefanie Harris, Michael Hernandez, Harvey Hsu, Michelle A. James, Maria Karnafel, Kenneth S. Knox, Alison Koleski, Bonnie LaFleur, Brenda Lambert, Sicily LaRue, Karen Lutrick, Nirav Merchant, Christopher Morton, Jarrod Mosier, Toluwanimi Olorunnisola, Jeanette Peralta, William . Pilling, Kristen Pogreba-Brown, Franz Rischard, Lee T. Ryan, Terry Smith, M. L. Snyder, Vignesh Subbian, Kyle Suhr, D.T. Velarde, Eric M. Reiman, Joyce K. Lee-Iannotti, Lynn Autry, Hassan Beydoun, Sabine Borwege, Jacquelynn Copeland, Marjorie DiLise-Russo, Susan Fadden, Isaias Gomez, Garrett Grischo, William Hartley, Leah Hillier, Hira Ismail, Stephanie Iusim, Mrinalini Kala, Daniel Kim, Ganesh Murthy, Samuel Unzek, Sheila Vadovicky, Sharry Veres, Christian Bime, Lillian Hansen, Trina Hughes, David Lieberman, Francisco Soto, Cathleen Wilson, Alyssa Zapien, Steven G. Deeks, J. Daniel Kelly, Jeffrey N. Martin, Michael J. Peluso, Grace Anderson, Khamal Anglin, Urania Argueta, Kofi Asare, Melissa Buitrago, Celina Chang Song, Alexus Clark, Emily Conway, Nicole Del Castillo, Monika Deswal, Matthew S. Durstenfeld, Elnaz Eilkhani, Avery Eun, Emily A. Fehrman, Tony Figueroa, Diana Flores, Halle Grebe, Timothy J. Henrich, Rebecca Hoh, Priscilla Y. Hsue, Beatrice Huang, Rania Ibrahim, Marian Kerbleski, Raushun Kirtikar, Megan T. Lew, James Lombardo, Mónica López‐Peña, Michael Luna, Carina Marquez, Sadie E. Munter, Lynn Ngo, Jesus Pineda-Ramirez, Aric A. Prather, Kim F. Rhoads, Antonio Rodríguez, Justin Romero, Dylan Ryder, Matthew So, Ma Somsouk, Viva Tai, Brandon Tran, J. Uy, Daisy Valdivieso, Deepshika Verma, Meghann Williams, Andhy Zamora, Lisa T. Newman, Julie Abella, Quinn Barnette, Christine A. Bevc, Jennifer Beverly, Patricia Ceger, Julie Croxford, Emily Cunningham, Mike Enger, Katie Fain, Tonya Farris, Sean Hanlon, David Hines, Vicki Johnson‐Lawrence, Kevin Jordan, Craig Lefebvre, Beth Linas, Bryan Luukinen, Meisha Mandal, Nikki J. McKoy, Susan Nance, Ashleigh Oakland, Demian Pasquarelli, Claire Quiner, Rita Sembajwe, Gwendolyn DuBois Shaw, Vanessa Thornburg, Kendall Tosco, Hannah Wright, Rachel S. Gross, Judith S. Hochman, Leora I. Horwitz, Stuart D. Katz, Andrea B. Troxel, Lenard A. Adler, Precious Akinbo, Ramona Almenana, Ola Bello, Sultana Bhuiyan, Nina Blachman, Ryan C. Branski, Jasmine Briscoe, Shari B. Brosnahan, Elliott Bueler, Yvette Burgos, Nina Caplin, Domonique N. Chaplin, Yu Chen, Cheng Shen, Peter Choe, Jess Choi, Alicia Chung, Richard Church, Stanley E. Cobos, Nakia Croft, Angelique Cruz Irving, Phoebe Del Boccio, Iván Díaz, Vishal Doshi, Benard P. Dreyer, Samantha Ebel, Arline Faustin, Elias Febres, Jeffrey Fine, Sandra Fink, Jennifer Frontera, Richard Gallagher, Alejandra González‐Duarte, Denise Hasson, Sophia Hill, Md Shahidul Islam, Stephen B. Johnson, Neha Kansal, Rachel Kenney, Deepshikha Kewlani, Michelle F. Lamendola-Essel, Gregory Laynor, Terry Leon, Zoe A. Lewczak, Janelle Linton, Max Logan, Nadia Malik, Lia Mamistvalova, Hannah Mandel, Gabrielle Maranga, Patenne D. Mathews, Aprajita Mattoo, Tony Mei, Alan L. Mendelsohn, Emmanuelle Mercier, Patricio Millar Vernetti, Marc Miller, Maika Mitchell, André L. Moreira, Praveen C. Mudumbi, Erica R. Nahin, Nandini Nair, Joseph Nekulak, Kellie Owens, Brendan Parent, Nandan Patibandla, Peter K. Petrov, Radu Postelnicu, Isabelle Randall, Priyatha Rao, Amy Rapkiewicz, John‐Ross Rizzo, Johana Rosas, Chelsea Rose, Christina Saint-Jean, Michelle Santacatterina, Binita Shah, Aasma Shaukat, Naomi M. Simon, Aylin Simsir, Miranda Stinson, Wenfei Tang, Vasishta Tatapudi, Sujata Thawani, Mary Thomas, Lorna E. Thorpe, MeeLee Tom, Ethan Treiha, Jennifer Truong, Mmekom Udosen, Jessica Velazquez-Perez, Patricio Millar Vernetti, Crystal Vidal, Anand Viswanathan, Crystal Wong, Marion J. Wood, Shannon W. Wuller, H. Shonna Yin, Chloe Young, Jonah Zaretsky, Susanna Zavlunova, Andrea S. Foulkes, Elizabeth W. Karlson, Shawn N. Murphy, Shreya Ahirwar, Shifa Ahmed, Layne L. Ainsworth, Rachel Atchley-Challenner, Paul Avilach, Trisha T. Balan, Nicholas Benik, Barbara Benoit, Marie‐Abèle Bind, William J. Bonaventura, Natalie Boutin, Beverly Brion, Andrew Cagan, Tianrun Cai, Tingyi Cao, Víctor M. Castro, Xander R. Cerretani, James Chan, David Cheng, Lori B. Chibnik, Mark Ciriello, Karen H. Costenbader, Dimitar Dimitrov, Hossein Estiri, Maria Fayad, Candace H. Feldman, Vivian S. Gainer, Bhaswati Ghosh, Randy L. Gollub, Zoe Guan, Alan W. Harris, Karl Helmer, A. R. Hendrix, Ana Holzbach, Weixing Huang, Daniel Kaufman, Diane Keogh, James D. Kerr, Jeffrey G. Klann, Aparna Krishnamoorthy, Jessica Lasky‐Su, Katherine P. Liao, Doug MacFadden, Anupama Maram, Megan W. Martel, Michael Mendis, Reeta Metta, Jonathan Monteiro, Eduardo A. Morales, Richard E. Morse, Marc-Danie Nazaire, Gregory Neils, Amber N. Nguyen, James Norman, Henry Paik, Deepti Pant, Heekyong Park, Dustin J. Rabideau, Harrison T. Reeder, Kathleen Rossi-Roh, L Santacroce, Katherine Schlepphorst, Carolin C. M. Schulte, Caitlin Selvaggi, Daniel J. Shinnick, William M. Simons, Lynn Simpson, Mary L. St. Jean Flanders, Zachary H. Strasser, Mansi R. Thakrar, Tanayott Thaweethai, Madeleine Thorn, Philip Trewett, Dustin Van Fleet, Kavishwar B. Wagholikar, Taowei David Wang, Nich Wattanasin, Griffin M. Weber, Michael A. Williams, Ren Zhe Zhang, Marta Cerda, Victor H. Clash, Brittany Taylor, Mike Zissis, Teresa Akintonwa, Frank Blanceró, Heather-Elizabeth Brown, Megan Carmilani, Debra Copeland, Yvonka Hall, kevin kondo, Lydia Lerma, Jacqui Lindsay, Heather Marti, Christine Maughan, Tony Minor, Hyatt Vincent, Jeffrey P. Burns, Serena Spudich, Charles Bailey, Mine Cicek, Melissa Cortez, Andrea S. Foulkes, David Goff, Jessica Lasky‐Su, Torri D. Metz, Igho Ofotokun, Melissa Stockwell, James Stone, Brittany Taylor, PJ Utz, Neely Williams, Brett R. Anderson, Sujata Bardhan, Leah Castro-Baucom, Deena J. Chisolm, Claudia Corchado, Walter Dehority, Gniesha Y. Dinwiddie, Lisa G. Rosas, Gelise L. Thomas, Keila N. Lopez, S. Pinkett, Lidia Regino, Carlos Valencia, Nita Vangeepuram, Anita Walden, Phoebe Burton, Marina Catallozzi, Beth Dworetzky, Belinda Edwards, Robert L. Ferrer, Catherine Freeland, Sarah Laury, Gail D. Pearson, Russell L. Rothman, Laura Wagner, Ann Wallace, Leyna Aragon, Bryan Bander, Karyn Bishof, Etienne Carignan, Leah Castro Baucom, Victor H. Clash, Krista Coombs, Claudia G. Corchado, Hannah Davis, Marissa R Diggs, Matthew Dunn, Liza Fisher, Megan Fitzgerald, Margot Gage Witvliet, Tyler Gustafson, Verna Holmes, Mady Hornig, Maxwell Hornig, Nita Jain, Julie A. Lam, Rebecca Letts, Juan Lewis, Thomas F. Martínez, Lisa McCorkell, Rebecca McGrath, Kian Nguyen, Lauren Nichols, Lisa O’Brien, Aimee Peddie, Alice Perlowski, Elizabeth Phillips-Lorenzo, Lisa Prentiss, Nadia Raytselis, Megan Rockwell, Jacqueline Rutter, Elle Seibert, Anisha Sekar, Emily Taylor, R. Wilensky, Melissa Williams, Neely Williams, Kay Williams-Dawson, Andrew Wylam · 发表于：JAMA Network Open · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.55430 · 被引用次数：103 · 研究领域：Long-Term Effects of COVID-19、COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies、Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders Research

Importance: A substantial number of individuals worldwide experience long COVID, or post-COVID condition. Other postviral and autoimmune conditions have a female predominance, but whether the same is true for long COVID, especially within different subgroups, is uncertain. Objective: To evaluate sex differences in the risk of developing long COVID among adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used data from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER)-Adult cohort, which consists of individuals enrolled in and prospectively followed up at 83 sites in 33 US states plus Washington, DC, and Puerto Rico. Data were examined from all participants enrolled between October 29, 2021, and July 5, 2024, who had a qualifying study visit 6 months or more after their initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. Exposure: Self-reported sex (male, female) assigned at birth. Main Outcomes and Measures: Development of long COVID, measured using a self-reported symptom-based questionnaire and scoring guideline at the first study visit that occurred at least 6 months after infection. Propensity score matching was used to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and risk differences (95% CIs). The full model included demographic and clinical characteristics and social determinants of health, and the reduced model included only age, race, and ethnicity. Results: Among 12 276 participants who had experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection (8969 [73...