Solution to what? Global assessment of nature-based solutions, urban challenges, and outcomes

作者：M. Li, Roy P. Remme, Peter M. van Bodegom, Alexander P.E. van Oudenhoven · 发表于：Landscape and Urban Planning · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1016/j.landurbplan.2025.105294 · 被引用次数：31 · 研究领域：Land Use and Ecosystem Services、Urban Transport and Accessibility、Urban Green Space and Health

• Global assessment of 547 nature-based solutions (NbS) cases in 196 cities. • This study systematically links urban challenges, NbS and outcomes. • Urban NbS mostly demonstrated positive effects compared to non-NbS. • Widely studied challenges include health, biodiversity loss and urban heat island. • Reported outcomes are commonly related, true multifunctionality assessment missing. In response to multiple societal challenges faced in cities, nature-based solutions (NbS) are gaining prominence as means to support sustainable and resilient urban planning. However, NbS are being implemented in cities around the globe without comprehensive evidence on their effectiveness in addressing urban challenges. Based on a systematic mapping methodology, we synthesized 547 empirical cases of NbS in 197 cities globally, yielding 799 outcomes encompassing biodiversity, health well-being, and regulating ecosystem services. To structure this evidence we developed an urban NbS classification and categories of urban challenges and outcomes. Effectiveness of NbS was assessed through synthesizing which urban challenges are addressed by NbS, which outcomes are generated, and how these outcomes perform compared to alternative solutions. Our analysis suggests that specific urban challenges were mostly linked to closely related outcomes, but rarely to multiple outcomes. Specifically, forests & trees and general parks were commonly used to enhance health and well-being, while grassland and gardens w...