Private, public, and bottled drinking water: Shared contaminant-mixture exposures and effects challenge

作者：Paul M. Bradley, Kristin M. Romanok, Kelly L. Smalling, Stephanie E. Gordon, Bradley J. Huffman, Katie Paul Friedman, Daniel L. Villeneuve, Brett R. Blackwell, Suzanne Fitzpatrick, Michael J. Focazio, Elizabeth Medlock-Kakaley, Shannon M. Meppelink, Ana Navas-Acien, Anne E. Nigra, Molly L. Schreiner · 发表于：Environment International · 年份：2024 · DOI：10.1016/j.envint.2024.109220 · 被引用次数：7 · 研究领域：Water Treatment and Disinfection、Fecal contamination and water quality、Wastewater Treatment and Reuse

BACKGROUND: Humans are primary drivers of environmental-contaminant exposures worldwide, including in drinking-water (DW). In the United States, point-of-use DW (POU-DW) is supplied via private tapwater (TW), public-supply TW, and bottled water (BW). Differences in management, monitoring, and messaging and lack of directly-intercomparable exposure data influence the actual and perceived quality and safety of different DW supplies and directly impact consumer decision-making. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this paper is to provide a meta-analysis (quantitative synthesis) of POU-DW contaminant-mixture exposures and corresponding potential human-health effects of private-TW, public-TW, and BW by aggregating exposure results and harmonizing apical-health-benchmark-weighted and bioactivity-weighted effects predictions across previous studies by this research group. DISCUSSION: Simultaneous exposures to multiple inorganic and organic contaminants of known or suspected human-health concern are common across all three DW supplies, with substantial variability observed in each and no systematic difference in predicted cumulative risk between supplies. Differences in contaminant or contaminant-class exposures, with important implications for DW-quality improvements, were observed and attributed to corresponding differences in regulation and compliance monitoring. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that human-health risks from contaminant exposures are common to and comparable in all three DW...