Classifying and mapping gender ideologies globally: Gender attitudes in 47 countries at the turn of the 21st century

作者：Xiaoling Shu, Bowen Zhu, Kelsey D. Meagher · 发表于：Journal of Marriage and the Family · 年份：2024 · DOI：10.1111/jomf.13052 · 被引用次数：9 · 研究领域：Social Policy and Reform Studies、Gender Politics and Representation、Youth Education and Societal Dynamics

Abstract Objective This paper analyzed cross‐national variations in two dimensions of gender attitudes in 47 countries at the turn of the 21st century: beliefs about vertical gender equality and horizontal gender differentiation. Background We argue that societies do not experience universal, unidirectional progress toward nontraditional gender attitudes. The distribution of global attitudes toward horizontal and vertical gender differentiation displays uneven patterns across nations. Method Using data from the World Values Surveys ( N = 72,304) and employing machine learning, multilevel linear models, and multilevel multinomial models to analyze individual‐ and country‐level influences. Results We mapped gender ideologies globally by classifying individuals into four domains of ideological space—three varieties of egalitarianism: liberal egalitarian, egalitarian essentialist, and flexible traditionalist values, and one traditional ideology of traditional essentialist. Conclusions The liberal egalitarian gender ideology was widespread globally including in Muslim‐majority countries, and country characteristics correlated with gender ideologies in divergent ways. Female labor force participation was associated with three nontraditional ideologies that are progressive at least on one dimension. Economic development was linked with liberal egalitarian and egalitarian essentialist attitudes, both supporting gender equality. Generous public‐funded parental leave policies correlate...