Environmental Occurrence and Biotic Concentrations of Ultrashort-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Acids: Overlooked Global Organofluorine Contaminants

作者：Yue Zhi, Xiongwei Lu, Gabriel Munoz, Leo W. Y. Yeung, Amila O. De Silva, Shilai Hao, Huan He, Yonghui Jia, Christopher P. Higgins, Chuhui Zhang · 发表于：Environmental Science & Technology · 年份：2024 · DOI：10.1021/acs.est.4c04453 · 被引用次数：93 · 研究领域：Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research、Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols、Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a large group of anthropogenic fluorinated chemicals. Ultrashort-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have recently gained attention due to their prevalence in the environment and increasing environmental concerns. In this review, we established a literature database from 1990 to 2024, encompassing environmental and biological concentrations (>3,500 concentration records) of five historically overlooked ultrashort-chain PFAAs (perfluoroalkyl carboxylic and sulfonic acids with less than 4 carbons): trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), perfluoropropanoic acid (PFPrA), trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMS), perfluoroethanesulfonate (PFEtS), and perfluoropropanesulfonate (PFPrS). Our data mining and analysis reveal that (1) ultrashort-chain PFAAs are globally distributed in various environments including water bodies, solid matrices, and air, with concentrations usually higher than those of longer-chain compounds; (2) TFA, the most extensively studied ultrashort-chain PFAA, shows a consistent upward trend in concentrations in surface water, rainwater, and air over the past three decades; and (3) ultrashort-chain PFAAs are present in various organisms, including plants, wildlife, and human blood, serum, and urine, with concentrations sometimes similar to those of longer-chain compounds. The current state of knowledge regarding the sources and fate of TFA and other ultrashort-chain PFAAs is also reviewed. Amid the global urgency to regulate PFASs...