GPER1 signaling restricts macrophage proliferation and accumulation in human hepatocellular carcinoma

作者：Yanyan Yang, Yongchun Wang, Hao Zou, Zhixiong Li, Weibai Chen, Zhijie Huang, Yulan Weng, Xing-Juan Yu, Jing Xu, Limin Zheng · 发表于：Frontiers in Immunology · 年份：2024 · DOI：10.3389/fimmu.2024.1481972 · 被引用次数：5 · 研究领域：Immune cells in cancer、Ferroptosis and cancer prognosis、Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism

Background Sex hormones and their related receptors have been reported to impact the development and progression of tumors. However, their influence on the composition and function of the tumor microenvironment is not well understood. We aimed to investigate the influence of sex disparities on the proliferation and accumulation of macrophages, one of the major components of the tumor microenvironment, in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Immunohistochemistry was applied to assess the density of immune cells in HCC tissues. The role of sex hormone related signaling in macrophage proliferation was determined by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. The underlying regulatory mechanisms were examined with both in vitro experiments and murine HCC models. Results We found higher levels of macrophage proliferation and density in tumor tissues from male patients compared to females. The expression of G protein–coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1), a non-classical estrogen receptor, was significantly decreased in proliferating macrophages, and was inversely correlated with macrophage proliferation in HCC tumors. Activation of GPER1 signaling with a selective agonist G-1 suppressed macrophage proliferation by downregulating the MEK/ERK pathway. Additionally, G-1 treatment reduced PD-L1 expression on macrophages and delayed tumor growth in mice. Moreover, patients with a higher percentage of GPER1 + macrophages exhibited longer overall survival and recurrence-free survival compare...