Global, regional, and national stillbirths at 20 weeks' gestation or longer in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

作者：Haley Comfort, Theresa A. McHugh, Austin E Schumacher, Ashley Ann Harris, Erin A May, Katherine R. Paulson, William M. Gardner, John E Fuller, Meghan E Frisch, Heather Jean Taylor, Andrew T Leever, Corey Teply, Nicholas Alexander Verghese, Shazia Alam, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Hedayat Abbastabar, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Mohamed Abd-Elsalam, Daba Abdissa, Meriem Abdoun, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Mesfin Abebe, Aidin Abedi, Hassan Abidi, Olumide A Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Eman Abu‐Gharbieh, Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh, Mesafint Molla Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Bulcha Guye Adema, Miracle Ayomikun Adesina, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Daniel A Adeyinka, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saira Afzal, Suneth Buddhika Agampodi, Antonella Agodi, Williams Agyemang‐Duah, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Luai Awad Ahmed, Marjan Ajami, Karolina Akinosoglou, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Ziyad Al‐Aly, Khurshid Alam, Fahad Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Mohammed ALBashtawy, Sharifullah Alemi, Abdelazeem Mohamed Algammal, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Abid Shaukat Ali, Liaqat Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Joseph Uy Almazan, Hesham M. Al‐Mekhlafi, Louay Almidani, Sami Almustanyir, Khalid A Altirkawi, Hany Z. Aly, Safwat Aly, Reza Amani, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Abebe Feyissa Amhare, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Sohrab Amiri, Cătălina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Amir Anoushiravani, Adnan Ansar, Davood Anvari, Razique Anwer, Francis Appiah, Morteza Arab‐Zozani, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Demelash Areda, Brhane Berhe Aregawi, Anton A Artamonov, Umesh Raj Aryal, Zatollah Asemi, Mulu Tiruneh Asemu, Akeza Awealom Asgedom, Tahira Ashraf, Melash Belachew Asresie, Daniel Atlaw, Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout, Alok Atreya, Madhu Sudhan Atteraya, Avinash Aujayeb, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Haleh Ayatollahi, Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh, Sina Azadnajafabad, Rui M. S. Azevedo, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Darshan Bhagawan, Mahsa Babaei, Muhammad Badar, Ashish Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Soroush Baghdadi, Nasser Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Farshad Bahrami Asl, Ruhai Bai, Ravleen Kaur Bakshi, Kiran Bam, Maciej Banach, Aduragbemi Oluwabusayo Banke-Thomas, Hansi Bansal, Berihun Bantie, Martina Barchitta, Mainak Bardhan, Azadeh Bashiri, Afisu Basiru, Pritish Baskaran, Kavita Batra, Mojtaba Bayani, Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn, Neeraj Bedi, Tahmina Begum, Amir Hossein Behnoush, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Amiel Nazer C Bermudez, Kebede Abera Beyene, Bharti Bhandari, Dinesh Bhandari, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu M. M. Bhaskar, Suraj Raj Bhattarai, Virgínia Bodolica, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Yasser Khalil Bustanji, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Butt, Abdul Cadri, Ismael Campos‐Nonato, Maria Sofia Cattaruzza, Francieli Cembranel, Ester Cerin, Pamela Roxana Chacón-Uscamaita, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Dhun Chauhan, Malizgani Paul Chavula, Simiao Chen, Gerald Chi, Abdulaal Chitheer, William Chi Shing Cho, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Dinh‐Toi Chu, Natália Alves Martins, Omid Dadras, Gizachew Worku Dagnew, Maxwell Ayindenaba Dalaba, Lalit Dandona, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Jai K Das, Saswati Das, Nihar Ranjan Dash, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Kairat Davletov, Berhanu Gidisa Debela, Aklilu Tamire Debele, Msganaw Derese, Kebede Deribe, Emina Dervišević, Anteneh Mengist Dessie, Arkadeep Dhali, Vishal R. Dhulipala, M Ashworth Dirac, Wanyue Dong, Bezabih Terefe Dora, Haneil Larson Dsouza, André Rodrigues Durães, Sulagna Dutta, Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic, Abdelaziz Ed‐Dra, Kristina Edvardsson, Ebrahim Eini, Michael Ekholuenetale, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Islam Y. Elgendy, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohammed Youssef Saad Elshaer, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Theophilus I. Emeto, Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Hawi Leul Esayas, Babak Eshrati, Francesco Esposito, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Ali Faramarzi, André Faro, Ali Fatehizadeh, Ginenus Fekadu, Florian Fischer, Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov, Takeshi Fukumoto, Péter Gaál, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Márió Gajdács, Yaseen Galali, Silvano Gallus, Balasankar Ganesan, Federica Gazzelloni, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Yohannes Fikadu Geda, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Gloria Gheno, Alessandro Gialluisi, Mika Gissler, James C Glasbey, Logan M. Glasstetter, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Michal Grivna, Avirup Guha, Stefano Guicciardi, Hanbing Guo, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Gupta, Sebastian Haller, Rabih Halwani, Samer Hamidi, Alexis Jeannine Handal, Josep María Haro, Nicholas Nathaniel Hartman, Taufiq Hidayat Hasan, Ali Hasanpour Dehkordi, Md Saquib Hasnain, Soheil Hassanipour, Wenqiang He, Mohammad Amin Heidari, Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna, Claudiu Herţeliu, Kamran Hessami, Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Ramesh Holla, Md Mahbub Hossain, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Chengxi Hu, Junjie Huang, M. Mamun Huda, Md. Nazmul Huda, Hong-Han Huynh, Bing‐Fang Hwang, Pulwasha Maria Iftikhar, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena Ilić, Milena Ilić, Mustapha Immurana, Arad Iranmehr, Farideh Iravanpour, Masao Iwagami, Chidozie Declan Iwu, Assefa N Iyasu, Jalil Jaafari, Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Haitham Jahrami, Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia, Nilofer Javadi, Tahereh Javaheri, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Alelign Tasew Jema, Mohammad Jokar, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Ibraheem M. Karaye, Hanie Karimi, Hengameh Kasraei, Joonas H. Kauppila, Evie Shoshannah Kendal, Mohammad Keykhaei, Nauman Khalid, Faham Khamesipour, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Maseer Khan, Yusra Habib Khan, Khaled Khatab, Haitham Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Sorour Khateri, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Moein Khormali, Min Seo Kim, Thanh Van Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kısa, Sezer Kısa, Sonali Kochhar, Ali‐Asghar Kolahi, Farzad Kompani, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Soewarta Kosen, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Vijay K. Krishnamoorthy, Barthélémy Kuate Defo, Raja Amir Hassan Kuchay, Mohammed Kuddus, G Anil Kumar, Om Kurmi, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Chandrakant Lahariya, Tri Laksono, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Savita Lasrado, Kamaluddin Latief, Kaveh Latifinaibin, Thao T. Le, Munjae Lee, Sang-woong Lee, Wei‐Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, Jacopo Lenzi, Ming‐Chieh Li, Shanshan Li, Virendra S Ligade, Stephen S Lim, Gang Liu, Jue Liu, Xuefeng Liu, László Lorenzovici, Masoud Lotfizadeh, Ahmed M Afifi, Áurea Madureira-Carvalho, Laura Ann Magee, Azeem Majeed, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Kashish Malhotra, Ahmad Azam Malik, Iram Malik, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Joemer Calderon Maravilla, Santi Martini, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins‐Melo, Miquel Martorell, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Yasith Mathangasinghe, Rita Mattiello, Andrea Maugeri, Mahsa Mayeli, Maryam Mazaheri, Rishi P Mediratta, Kamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Hadush Negash Meles, Max Alberto Mendez-Lopez, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh George Menezes, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Meretoja, Irmina Maria Michałek, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Reza Mirfakhraie, Mojgan Mirghafourvand‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬, Andreea Mirică, Erkin Mirsaidovich Mirrakhimov, Moonis Mirza, Eric Mishio Bawa, Sanjeev Misra, Biru Abdissa Mizana, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Sakineh Mohammad‐Alizadeh‐Charandabi, Ghada Mohammed, Salahuddin Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H. Mokdad, Sabrina Molinaro, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Ali Moni, AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf, Paula Moraga, Negar Morovatdar, Abbas Mosapour, Simin Mouodi, Parsa Mousavi, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Faraz Mughal, Admir Mulita, Francesk Mulita, Moses Kinyanjui Muriithi, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen, Gopal S Nambi, Vinay B. Nangia, Gustavo G. Nascimento, Javaid Nauman, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi, Georges Nguefack‐Tsague, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Dang Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien Nguyen, Hien Quang Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Ali Nikoobar, Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi, Efaq Ali Noman, Shuhei Nomura, Mamoona Noreen, Dieta Nurrika, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Kehinde O. Obamiro, Ropo Ebenezer Ogunsakin, Sylvester Reuben Okeke, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Patrick Godwin Okwute, Andrew T Olagunju, Babayemi O. Olakunde, Matthew Idowu Olatubi, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Michał Ordak, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Wael M S Osman, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Adrian Oţoiu, Nikita S. Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Amel Ouyahia, Mayowa Ojo Owolabi, Alicia Padrón‐Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Adrian Pană, Pragyan Paramita Parija, Romil R Parikh, Ava Pashaei, Sangram Kishor Patel, Shankargouda V Patil, Shrikant S. Pawar, Paolo Pedersini, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Prince Peprah, Gavin F Pereira, Jeevan Pereira, Marcos Emanoel Pereira, Maria Odete Pereira, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Norberto Perico, Konrad Pesudovs, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha, Parmida Sadat Pezeshki, Tom Pham, Minh T. N. Phan, Anil K. Philip, Manon Pigeolet, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Vivek Podder, Dimitri Poddighe, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Hadi Raeisi Shahraki, Pankaja Ravi Raghav, Mosiur Rahman, Vahid Rahmanian, Ivano Raimondo, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Nemanja Rančić, Chythra Raghavendra Rao, Sowmya J Rao, Davide Rasella, Ahmed Mustafa Rashid, Reza Rawassizadeh, Elrashdy M Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Kannan R. R. Rengasamy, André M. N. Renzaho, Nazila Rezaei, Negar Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Hannah Elizabeth Robinson-Oden, Leonardo Roever, Peter J Rohloff, Luca Ronfani, Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera, Aly M A Saad, Zahra Saadatian, Siamak Sabour, Basema Ahmad Saddik, Malihe Sadeghi, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Umar Saeed, Amene Saghazadeh, Dominic Sagoe, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif‐Askari, Narjes Saheb Sharif‐Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop Sahoo, Mohamed Ahmed Saleh, Sana Salehi, Marwa Rashad Salem, Abdallah M Samy, Rama Krishna Sanjeev, Yaser Sarikhani, Sachin Chakradhar Sarode, Maheswar Satpathy, Monika S. Sawhney, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Mete Şaylan, Markus Peter Schlaich, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Art Schuermans, Pallav Sengupta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf Ghajarieh Sepanlou, Dragoş Şerban, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Allen Seylani, Mahan Shafie, Jaffer Shah, Pritik A Shah, Samiah Shahid, Masood Ali Shaikh, Sunder Sham, Mohd Shanawaz, Mohammed Shannawaz, Mequannent Melaku Sharew Sharew, Manoj Sharma, Adithi Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, Siddharudha Shivalli, Sina Shool, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Kanwar Hamza Shuja, Kerem Shuval, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Negussie Boti Sidamo, João Pedro Silva, Colin R Simpson, Ambrish Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Singh, Natia Skhvitaridze, Bogdan Socea, Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag, Hamidreza Soleimani, Yonatan Solomon, Suhang Song, Yi Song, Μichael Spartalis, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Andy S. Stergachis, Muhammad Suleman, Saima Sultana, Zhe Sun, Jing Sun, Mindy D Szeto, Rafael Tabarés‐Seisdedos, Shima Tabatabai, Mohammad Tabish, Majid Taheri, Moslem Taheri Soodejani, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Ker‐Kan Tan, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Razieh Tavakoli Oliaee, Birhan Tsegaw Taye, Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Mohamad-Hani A. Temsah, Masayuki Teramoto, Wegen Beyene Tesfamariam, Enoch Teye‐Kwadjo, Samar Tharwat, Aravind Thavamani, Nihal Thomas, М. В. Титова, Amir Tiyuri, Roman Topór-Mądry, Marcos Roberto Tovani‐Palone, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Samuel Joseph Tromans, Chukwudi S. Ubah, Muhammad Umair, Srikanth Umakanthan, Brigid Unim, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Mario Valenti, Rohollah Valizadeh, Jef Van den Eynde, Shoban Babu Varthya, Massimiliano Veroux, Georgios‐Ioannis Verras, Leonardo Villani, Francesco Saverio Violante, Vasily Vlassov, Mandaras Tariku Walde, Fang Wang, Shu Wang, Yanqing Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Emebet Gashaw Wassie, Kosala Weerakoon, Asrat Arja Wolde, Xiaoyue Xu, Vikas Yadav, Lin Yang, Yuichiro Yano, Sisay Shewasinad Yehualashet, Siyan Yi, Arzu Yiğit, Vahit Yiğit, PAUL S. F. YIP, Naohiro Yonemoto, Nazar M. Zaki, Giulia Zamagni, Burhan Abdullah Zaman, Michael Zastrozhin, Haijun Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Zhi‐Jiang Zhang, Hanqing Zhao, Claire Chenwen Zhong, Magdalena Zielińska, Lilik Zuhriyah, Simon Iain Hay, Mohsen Naghavi, Christopher J L Murray, Rakhi Dandona, Nicholas J Kassebaum · 发表于：The Lancet · 年份：2024 · DOI：10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01925-1 · 被引用次数：74 · 研究领域：Global Maternal and Child Health、Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions、Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies

BACKGROUND: Stillbirth is a devastating and often avoidable adverse pregnancy outcome. Monitoring stillbirth levels and trends-in a comprehensive manner that leaves no one uncounted-is imperative for continuing progress in pregnancy loss reduction. This analysis, completed as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021, methodically accounted for different stillbirth definitions with the aim of comprehensively estimating all stillbirths at 20 weeks or longer for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. METHODS: We extracted data on stillbirths from 11 412 sources across 185 of 204 countries and territories, including 234 surveys, 231 published studies, 1633 vital statistics reports, and 10 585 unique location-year combinations from vital registration systems. Our final dataset comprised 11 different definitions, which were adjusted to match two gestational age thresholds: 20 weeks or longer (reference) and 28 weeks or longer (for comparisons). We modelled the ratio of stillbirth rate to neonatal mortality rate with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression for each location and year, and then used final GBD 2021 assessments of fertility and all-cause neonatal mortality to calculate total stillbirths. Secondary analyses evaluated the number of stillbirths missed with the more restrictive gestational age definition, trends in stillbirths as a function of Socio-demographic Index, and progress in reducing stillbirths relative to neo...