Smallholder participation in zero-deforestation supply chain initiatives in the Indonesian palm oil sector: Challenges, opportunities, and limitations

作者：Michael Eggen, Robert Heilmayr, Patrick J. Anderson, Roger Armson, Kemen Austin, Reza Azmi, Peter Bayliss, David Burns, James T. Erbaugh, Andini Desita Ekaputri, David Gaveau, Janina Grabs, Aida Greenbury, Ibrahim Gulagnar, Mansuetus Alsy Hanu, T. Peter Hill, Marieke Leegwater, G. Limberg, Charlotte Opal, Violace Putri, Judy Rodrigues, Grant Rosoman, Musnanda Satar, Su Sin Sheun, Rukaiyah Rafik, Sarah Walen, Kimberly M. Carlson · 发表于：Elementa Science of the Anthropocene · 年份：2024 · DOI：10.1525/elementa.2023.00099 · 被引用次数：19 · 研究领域：Oil Palm Production and Sustainability、Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management、Energy and Environment Impacts

As actors in tropical agricultural commodity supply chains implement commitments to end deforestation, they risk exacerbating social inequities by excluding smallholder farmers, who are important producers of many tropical commodity crops. Here, we explore the potential for independent oil palm smallholders in Indonesia to participate in zero-deforestation supply chains. We find that these smallholders are underrepresented in the share of zero-deforestation compliant oil palm production. We then synthesize perspectives from key actors in the oil palm industry including smallholders and their representatives, palm oil producing and consulting companies, nongovernmental organizations, and academic researchers. Based on these perspectives, we find that challenges to smallholder supply chain participation include limitations in knowledge (e.g., smallholders may not know the location of protected forests), institutional issues (e.g., absence of trust between oil palm growing companies and smallholder farmers), and financial constraints (e.g., the opportunity cost of not clearing forest). To address these shortcomings, we encourage oil palm growing and milling companies to take the lead on incentivizing, supporting, and facilitating smallholder participation in zero-deforestation initiatives. Specifically, these companies could build and use their technical and political resources to identify and map all forests in their entire supply shed and ensure small producers have land right...