Association of Baseline Factors With Glycemic Outcomes in GRADE: A Comparative Effectiveness Randomized Clinical Trial

作者：W. Timothy Garvey, Robert M. Cohen, Nicole M. Butera, Erin J. Kazemi, Naji Younes, Samuel P. Rosin, Colleen E. Suratt, Andrew Ahmann, Priscilla Hollander, Jonathan Krakoff, Catherine L. Martin, Elizabeth R. Seaquist, Michael W. Steffes, John M. Lachin, Jill P. Crandall, M. Diane McKee, S. Behringer-Massera, J. Brown-Friday, E. Xhori, K. Ballentine-Cargill, S. Duran, H. Estrella, S. Gonzalez de la torre, J. Lukin, Lawrence S. Phillips, Elizabeth Burgess, Darin E. Olson, M. Rhee, Philip Wilson, T.S. Raines, J. Boers, J. Costello, M. Maher-Albertelli, R. Mungara, L. Savoye, C.A. White, C. Gullett, Leah Holloway, F. Morehead, S. Person, M. Sibymon, S. Tanukonda, Cynthia Adams, A. Ross, A. Balasubramanyam, Ruchi Gaba, E. Gonzalez Hattery, A. Ideozu, J. Jimenez, G. Montes, C. Wright, Priscilla Hollander, E. Roe, A. Jackson, A. Smiley, P. Burt, L. Estrada, K. Chionh, F. Ismail-Beigi, C. Falck-Ytter, L. Sayyed Kassem, Anil K. Sood, M. Tiktin, T. Kulow, C. Newman, K.A. Stancil, B. Cramer, J. Iacoboni, M.V. Kononets, C. Sanders, Lisa Tucker, A. Werner, A. Maxwell, G. McPhee, C. Patel, L. Colosimo, A. Krol, Robin Goland, J. Pring, L. Alfano, P. Kringas, C. Hausheer, J. Tejada, K. Gumpel, A. Kirpitch, H. Schneier, J.B. Green, H. AbouAssi, Ranee Chatterjee, Mark N. Feinglos, J. English Jones, S.A. Khan, J.B. Kimpel, R.P. Zimmer, M. Furst, B.M. Satterwhite, C.R. Thacker, K. Evans Kreider, Cary N. Mariash, Kieren J. Mather, H.M. Ismail, A. Lteif, M. Mullen, T. Hamilton, N. Patel, G. Riera, Merry Jackson, V. Pirics, D. Aguillar, D. Howard, S. Hurt, Richard M. Bergenstal, Anders L. Carlson, Thomas Martens, Matthew Johnson, R. Hill, J. Hyatt, C. Jensen, M. Madden, Dianna C. Martin, H. Willis, W. Konerza, S. Yang, K. Kleeberger, R. Passi, S. Fortmann, M. Herson, K. Mularski, Harry Glauber, J. Prihoda, B. Ash, C. Carlson, P.A. Ramey, E. Schield, B. Torgrimson-Ojerio, K. Arnold, B. Kauffman, E. Panos, S. Sahnow, K. Bays, K. Berame, Jennifer Cook, D. Ghioni, J. Gluth, K. Schell, J. Criscola, C. Friason, Steve Jones, С. А. Назаров, Joshua I. Barzilay, N. Rassouli, R. Puttnam, B. Ojoawo, R. Nelson, Michelle Curtis, B. Hollis, C. Sanders-Jones, K. Stokes, Z. El-Haqq, A. Kolli, Tú-Anh Tran, Deborah J. Wexler, Mary Larkin, James B. Meigs, B. Chambers, A. Dushkin, G. Rocchio, M. Yepes, Barbara Steiner, H. Dulin, M. Cayford, K. Chu, A. DeManbey, M. Hillard, Kimberly Martin, N. Thangthaeng, L. Gurry, R. Kochis, E. Raymond, V. Ripley, Christine Stevens, Jaebum Park, Vanita R. Aroda, Adline Ghazi, Michelle Magee, A. Ressing, A. Loveland, M. Hamm, Maria D. Hurtado, Alexander Kuhn, J. Leger, L. Manandhar, F. Mwicigi, O. Sanchez, T. Young, Rajesh Garg, V. Lagari-Libhaber, H.J. Florez, W.M. Valencia, J. Marks, Sabina Casula, L. Oropesa-Gonzalez, L. Hue, A. Cuadot, R. Nieto-Martinez, A.K. Riccio Veliz, M. Gutt, Y.J. Kendal, B. Veciana, Andrew Ahmann, D. Aby-Daniel, F. Joarder, V. Morimoto, C. Sprague, D. Yamashita, N. Cady, N. Rivera-Eschright, P. Kirchhoff, B. Morales Gomez, J. Adducci, A. Goncharova, S.H. Hox, H. Petrovitch, M. Matwichyna, Victoria Jenkins, L. Broadwater, R.R. Ishii, N.O. Bermudez, Daniel S. Hsia, William T. Cefalu, Frank L. Greenway, C. Waguespack, E. King, G. Fry, A. Dragg, B. Gildersleeve, J. Arceneaux, Natalie Haynes, A. Thomassie, M. Pavlionis, B. Bourgeois, C. Hazlett, Sunder Mudaliar, Robert R. Henry, S. Boeder, Jeremy Pettus, E. Diaz, D. Garcia-Acosta, S. Maggs, C. DeLue, A. Stallings, E. Castro, S. Hernández, Jonathan Krakoff, Jeffrey M. Curtis, Tina Killean, Mohammed Khalid, E. Joshevama, E. Diaz, Dianna C. Martin, K. Tsingine, T. Karshner, Jeanine Albu, F.X. Pi-Sunyer, S. Frances, C. Maggio, E. Ellis, J. Bastawrose, Xiuqun Gong, Mary Ann Banerji, Phyllis August, Melissa Lee, Daniel Lorber, N.M. Brown, D.H. Josephson, L.L. Thomas, M. Tsovian, A. Cherian, M.H. Jacobson, M.M. Mishko, M.S. Kirkman, John B. Buse, Jamie Diner, J. Dostou, S. Machineni, Laura Young, K. Bergamo, A. Goley, J. B. Kerr, J.F. Largay, S. Guarda, J. Cuffee, D. Culmer, R. Fraser, H. Almeida, S. Coffer, E. Debnam, L. Kiker, Sarah U. Morton, K. Josey, G. Fuller, W. Timothy Garvey, A.L. Cherrington, D. Dyer, M.C.R. Lawson, O. Griffith, A. Agne, S. McCullars, Robert M. Cohen, J. Craig, M.C. Rogge, Kathryn Burton, K. Kersey, Charlton Wilson, S. Lipp, M.B. Vonder Meulen, C. Adkins, T. Onadeko, Neda Rasouli, C. Baker, Emily B. Schroeder, M. Razzaghi, Corey Lyon, R. Penaloza, C. Underkofler, R. Lorch, Sarah A. Douglass, S. Steiner, William I. Sivitz, E. Cline, L.K. Knosp, J. McConnell, T. Lowe, William H. Herman, Rodica Pop‐Busui, Meng H. Tan, C. Martin, A. Waltje, A. Katona, L. Goodhall, R. Eggleston, Shihchen Kuo, S. Bojescu, S. Bule, N. Kessler, E. LaSalle, K. Whitley, Elizabeth R. Seaquist, A. Bantle, T. Harindhanavudhi, Anjali Kumar, B. Redmon, John P. Bantle, M. Coe, M. Mech, A. Taddese, K. Lesne, Shannon D. Smith, Cyrus Desouza, L. Kuechenmeister, V. Shivaswamy, S. Burbach, M.G. Rodriguez, K. Seipel, A. Alfred, A.L. Morales, J. Eggert, G. Lord, W. Taylor, R. Tillson, David S. Schade, A. Adolphe, Mark R. Burge, E. Duran-Valdez, J. Martinez, A. Bancroft, S. Kunkel, F. Ali Jamaleddin Ahmad, D. Hernandez McGinnis, B. Pucchetti, E. Scripsick, A. Zamorano, Ralph A. DeFronzo, Eugênio Cersósimo, M. Abdul-Ghani, Curtis Triplitt, D. Juarez, M. Mullen, R.I. Garza, H. Verastiqui, K. Wright, Curtiss Puckett, Philip Raskin, C. Rhee, S. Abraham, L.F. Jordan, S. Sao, L. Morton, O. Smith, L. Osornio Walker, L. Schnurr-Breen, R. Ayala, R.B. Kreymer, D. Sturgess, K.M. Utzschneider, Steven E. Kahn, L. Alarcon-Casas Wright, Edward J. Boyko, E.C. Tsai, D.L. Trence, S. Trikudanathan, B.N. Fattaleh, B.K. Montgomery, K.M. Atkinson, A. Kozedub, Tessa Concepcion, C. Moak, N. Prikhodko, S. Rhothisen, T.A. Elasy, S. Martin, L. Shackelford, R. Goidel, N. Hinkle, C. Lovell, J. Myers, J. Lipps Hogan, Janet B. McGill, M. Salam, T. Schweiger, S. Kissel, Carol Recklein, M.J. Clifton, William V. Tamborlane, A. Camp, Barbara Gulanski, Silvio E. Inzucchi, Kim Pham, M. Alguard, P. Gatcomb, K. Lessard, Marina Pérez, L. Iannone, E. Magenheimer, A. Montosa, Judith Fradkin, Henry B. Burch, A.A. Bremer, David M. Nathan, John M. Lachin, H. Krause-Steinrauf, Naji Younes, Ionut Bebu, Nicole M. Butera, C.J. Buys, A. Fagan, Yuping Gao, Amerta Ghosh, M.R. Gramzinski, S.D. Hall, Elham Kazemi, E. Legowski, H. Liu, C. Suratt, Mark Tripputi, A. Arey, M. Backman, J. Bethepu, C. Lund, P. Mangat Dhaliwal, P. McGee, E. Mesimer, Lisa Ngo, Michael W. Steffes, Jesse C. Seegmiller, Amy K. Saenger, Valerie Arends, D. Gabrielson, T. Conner, S. Warren, John Day, J. Huminik, A. Scrymgeour, Elsayed Z. Soliman, Yashashwi Pokharel, Z.M. Zhang, C. Campbell, Jingzhou Hu, Lisa Keasler, S. Hensley, Y. Li, Rada Mihalcea, D.J. Min, V. Perez-Rosas, Lisa A. Prosser, L. Resnicow, W. Ye, Hui Shao, P. Zhang, José A. Luchsinger, D. Sanchez, Stephanie Assuras, Erik J. Groessl, F. Sakha, H. Chong, N. Hillery, I. Abdouch, G. Bahtiyar, P. Brantley, F.E. Broyles, G. Canaris, Paul M. Copeland, J.J. Craine, W.L. Fein, A. Gliwa, L. Hope, M.S. Lee, R. Meiners, V. Meiners, H. O’Neal, J.E. Park, Alan Sacerdote, E. Sledge, L. Soni, J. Steppel-Reznik, Alexander Turchin, Sherita Hill Golden, Jeffrey S. Gonzalez, Aanand D. Naik, Elizabeth A. Walker · 发表于：Diabetes Care · 年份：2024 · DOI：10.2337/dc23-1782 · 被引用次数：12 · 研究领域：Diabetes Treatment and Management、Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins、Diabetes Management and Research

OBJECTIVE: To describe the individual and joint associations of baseline factors with glycemia, and also with differential effectiveness of medications added to metformin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE) participants (with type 2 diabetes diagnosed for <10 years, on metformin, and with HbA1c 6.8-8.5%; N = 5,047) were randomly assigned to a basal insulin (glargine), sulfonylurea (glimepiride), glucagon-like peptide 1 agonist (liraglutide), or dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (sitagliptin). The glycemic outcome was HbA1c ≥7.0%, subsequently confirmed. Univariate and multivariate regression and classification and regression tree (CART) analyses were used to assess the association of baseline factors with the glycemic outcome at years 1 and 4. RESULTS: In univariate analyses at baseline, younger age (<58 years), Hispanic ethnicity, higher HbA1c, fasting glucose, and triglyceride levels, lower insulin secretion, and relatively greater insulin resistance were associated with the glycemic outcome at years 1 and/or 4. No factors were associated with differential effectiveness of the medications by year 4. In multivariate analyses, treatment group, younger age, and higher baseline HbA1c and fasting glucose were jointly associated with the glycemic outcome by year 4. The superiority of glargine and liraglutide at year 4 persisted after multiple baseline factors were controlled for. CART analyses indicated...