Exploring the complex trade-offs and synergies of global ecosystem services

作者：Wang Jinnan, Wenjun Wu, Meng Yang, Yueming Gao, Jiacheng Shao, Weishan Yang, Guoxia Ma, Fang Yu, Nan Yao, Hongqiang Jiang · 发表于：Environmental Science and Ecotechnology · 年份：2024 · DOI：10.1016/j.ese.2024.100391 · 被引用次数：93 · 研究领域：Land Use and Ecosystem Services、Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management、Sustainable Agricultural Systems Analysis

The trade-off and synergy relationship of ecosystem services is an important topic in the current assessment. The value of each service provided by the ecosystem is substantially affected by human activities, and conversely, its changes will also affect the relevant human decisions. Due to varying trade-offs among ecosystem services and synergies between them that can either increase or decrease, it is difficult to optimize multiple ecosystem services simultaneously, making it a huge challenge for ecosystem management. This study firstly develops a global Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP) accounting framework. It uses remote sensing data with a spatial resolution of 1 km to estimate the ecosystem services of forests, wetlands, grasslands, deserts, and farmlands in 179 major countries in 2018. The results show that the range of global GEP values is USD 112-197 trillion, with an average value of USD 155 trillion (the constant price), and the ratio of GEP to gross domestic product (GDP) is 1.85. The trade-offs and the synergies among different ecosystem services in each continent and income group have been further explored. We found a correspondence between the income levels and the synergy among ecosystem services within each nation. Among specific ecosystem services, there are strong synergies between oxygen release, climate regulation, and carbon sequestration services. A trade-off relationship has been observed between flood regulation and other services, such as water conservat...