Emotional Distress Predicts Reduced Type 2 Diabetes Treatment Adherence in the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE)

作者：Claire J. Hoogendoorn, Heidi Krause‐Steinrauf, Diane Uschner, Hui Wen, Caroline Presley, Elizabeth A. Legowski, Aanand D. Naik, Sherita Hill Golden, Valerie Arends, Janet Brown-Friday, Jonathan Krakoff, Colleen E. Suratt, Andrea Waltje, Andrea Cherrington, Jeffrey S. Gonzalez, Jill P. Crandall, M. Diane McKee, S. Behringer-Massera, J. Brown-Friday, E. Xhori, K. Ballentine-Cargill, S. Duran, H. Estrella, S. Gonzalez de la torre, J. Lukin, Lawrence S. Phillips, Elizabeth Burgess, Darin E. Olson, M. Rhee, Philip Wilson, T.S. Raines, J. Boers, J. Costello, M. Maher-Albertelli, R. Mungara, L. Savoye, C.A. White, C. Gullett, Leah Holloway, F. Morehead, S. Person, M. Sibymon, S. Tanukonda, Cynthia Adams, A. Ross, A. Balasubramanyam, Ruchi Gaba, E. Gonzalez Hattery, A. Ideozu, J. Jimenez, G. Montes, C. Wright, Priscilla Hollander, E. Roe, A. Jackson, A. Smiley, P. Burt, L. Estrada, K. Chionh, F. Ismail-Beigi, C. Falck-Ytter, L. Sayyed Kassem, Anil K. Sood, M. Tiktin, T. Kulow, C. Newman, K.A. Stancil, B. Cramer, J. Iacoboni, M.V. Kononets, C. Sanders, Lisa Tucker, A. Werner, A. Maxwell, G. McPhee, C. Patel, L. Colosimo, A. Krol, Robin Goland, J. Pring, L. Alfano, P. Kringas, C. Hausheer, J. Tejada, K. Gumpel, A. Kirpitch, H. Schneier, J.B. Green, H. AbouAssi, Ranee Chatterjee, Mark N. Feinglos, J. English Jones, S.A. Khan, J.B. Kimpel, R.P. Zimmer, M. Furst, B.M. Satterwhite, C.R. Thacker, K. Evans Kreider, Cary N. Mariash, Kieren J. Mather, H.M. Ismail, A. Lteif, M. Mullen, T. Hamilton, N. Patel, G. Riera, Merry Jackson, V. Pirics, D. Aguillar, D. Howard, S. Hurt, Richard M. Bergenstal, Anders L. Carlson, Thomas Martens, Matthew Johnson, R. Hill, J. Hyatt, C. Jensen, M. Madden, Dianna C. Martin, H. Willis, W. Konerza, S. Yang, K. Kleeberger, R. Passi, S. Fortmann, M. Herson, K. Mularski, Harry Glauber, J. Prihoda, B. Ash, C. Carlson, P.A. Ramey, E. Schield, B. Torgrimson-Ojerio, K. Arnold, B. Kauffman, E. Panos, S. Sahnow, K. Bays, K. Berame, Jennifer Cook, D. Ghioni, J. Gluth, K. Schell, J. Criscola, C. Friason, Steve Jones, С. А. Назаров, Joshua I. Barzilay, N. Rassouli, R. Puttnam, B. Ojoawo, R. Nelson, Michelle Curtis, B. Hollis, C. Sanders-Jones, K. Stokes, Z. El-Haqq, A. Kolli, Tú-Anh Tran, Deborah J. Wexler, Mary Larkin, James B. Meigs, B. Chambers, A. Dushkin, G. Rocchio, M. Yepes, Barbara Steiner, H. Dulin, M. Cayford, K. Chu, A. DeManbey, M. Hillard, Kimberly Martin, N. Thangthaeng, L. Gurry, R. Kochis, E. Raymond, V. Ripley, Christine Stevens, Jaebum Park, Vanita R. Aroda, Adline Ghazi, Michelle Magee, A. Ressing, A. Loveland, M. Hamm, Maria D. Hurtado, Alexander Kühn, J. Leger, L. Manandhar, F. Mwicigi, O. Sanchez, T. Young, Rajesh Garg, V. Lagari-Libhaber, H.J. Florez, W.M. Valencia, J. Marks, Sabina Casula, L. Oropesa-Gonzalez, L. Hue, A. Cuadot, R. Nieto-Martinez, A.K. Riccio Veliz, M. Gutt, Y.J. Kendal, B. Veciana, Andrew Ahmann, D. Aby-Daniel, F. Joarder, V. Morimoto, C. Sprague, D. Yamashita, N. Cady, N. Rivera-Eschright, P. Kirchhoff, B. Morales Gomez, J. Adducci, A. Goncharova, S.H. Hox, H. Petrovitch, M. Matwichyna, Victoria Jenkins, L. Broadwater, R.R. Ishii, N.O. Bermudez, Daniel S. Hsia, William T. Cefalu, Frank L. Greenway, C. Waguespack, E. King, G. Fry, A. Dragg, B. Gildersleeve, J. Arceneaux, Natalie Haynes, A. Thomassie, M. Pavlionis, B. Bourgeois, C. Hazlett, Sunder Mudaliar, Robert R. Henry, S. Boeder, Jeremy Pettus, E. Diaz, D. Garcia-Acosta, S. Maggs, C. DeLue, A. Stallings, E. Castro, S. Hernández, Jonathan Krakoff, Jeffrey M. Curtis, Tina Killean, Mohammed Khalid, E. Joshevama, E. Diaz, Dianna C. Martin, K. Tsingine, T. Karshner, Jeanine Albu, F.X. Pi-Sunyer, S. Frances, C. Maggio, E. Ellis, J. Bastawrose, Xiuqun Gong, Mary Ann Banerji, Phyllis August, Melissa Lee, Daniel Lorber, N.M. Brown, D.H. Josephson, L.L. Thomas, M. Tsovian, A. Cherian, M.H. Jacobson, M.M. Mishko, M.S. Kirkman, John B. Buse, Jamie Diner, J. Dostou, S. Machineni, Laura Young, K. Bergamo, A. Goley, J. B. Kerr, J.F. Largay, S. Guarda, J. Cuffee, D. Culmer, R. Fraser, H. Almeida, S. Coffer, E. Debnam, L. Kiker, Sarah U. Morton, K. Josey, G. Fuller, W. Timothy Garvey, A.L. Cherrington, D. Dyer, M.C.R. Lawson, O. Griffith, A. Agne, S. McCullars, Robert M. Cohen, J. Craig, M.C. Rogge, Kathryn Burton, K. Kersey, Charlton Wilson, S. Lipp, M.B. Vonder Meulen, C. Adkins, T. Onadeko, Neda Rasouli, C. Baker, Emily B. Schroeder, M. Razzaghi, Corey Lyon, R. Penaloza, C. Underkofler, R. Lorch, Sarah A. Douglass, S. Steiner, William I. Sivitz, E. Cline, L.K. Knosp, J. McConnell, T. Lowe, William H. Herman, Rodica Pop‐Busui, Meng H. Tan, C. Martin, A. Waltje, A. Katona, L. Goodhall, R. Eggleston, Shihchen Kuo, S. Bojescu, S. Bule, N. Kessler, E. LaSalle, K. Whitley, Elizabeth R. Seaquist, A. Bantle, T. Harindhanavudhi, Anjali Kumar, B. Redmon, John P. Bantle, M. Coe, M. Mech, A. Taddese, K. Lesne, Shannon D. Smith, Cyrus Desouza, L. Kuechenmeister, V. Shivaswamy, S. Burbach, M.G. Rodriguez, K. Seipel, A. Alfred, A.L. Morales, J. Eggert, G. Lord, W. Taylor, R. Tillson, David S. Schade, A. Adolphe, Mark R. Burge, E. Duran-Valdez, J. Martinez, A. Bancroft, S. Kunkel, F. Ali Jamaleddin Ahmad, D. Hernandez McGinnis, B. Pucchetti, E. Scripsick, A. Zamorano, Ralph A. DeFronzo, Eugênio Cersósimo, M. Abdul-Ghani, Curtis Triplitt, D. Juarez, M. Mullen, R.I. Garza, H. Verastiqui, K. Wright, Curtiss Puckett, Philip Raskin, C. Rhee, S. Abraham, L.F. Jordan, S. Sao, L. Morton, O. Smith, L. Osornio Walker, L. Schnurr-Breen, R. Ayala, R.B. Kreymer, D. Sturgess, K.M. Utzschneider, Steven E. Kahn, L. Alarcon-Casas Wright, Edward J. Boyko, E.C. Tsai, D.L. Trence, S. Trikudanathan, B.N. Fattaleh, B.K. Montgomery, K.M. Atkinson, A. Kozedub, Tessa Concepcion, C. Moak, N. Prikhodko, S. Rhothisen, T.A. Elasy, S. Martin, L. Shackelford, R. Goidel, N. Hinkle, C. Lovell, J. Myers, J. Lipps Hogan, Janet B. McGill, M. Salam, T. Schweiger, S. Kissel, Carol Recklein, M.J. Clifton, William V. Tamborlane, A. Camp, Barbara Gulanski, Silvio E. Inzucchi, Kim Pham, M. Alguard, P. Gatcomb, K. Lessard, Marina Pérez, L. Iannone, E. Magenheimer, A. Montosa, Judith Fradkin, Henry B. Burch, A.A. Bremer, David M. Nathan, John M. Lachin, H. Krause-Steinrauf, Naji Younes, Ionut Bebu, Nicole M. Butera, C.J. Buys, A. Fagan, Yuping Gao, Amerta Ghosh, M.R. Gramzinski, S.D. Hall, Elham Kazemi, E. Legowski, H. Liu, C. Suratt, Mark Tripputi, A. Arey, M. Backman, J. Bethepu, C. Lund, P. Mangat Dhaliwal, P. McGee, E. Mesimer, Lisa Ngo, Michael W. Steffes, Jesse C. Seegmiller, Amy K. Saenger, Valerie Arends, D. Gabrielson, T. Conner, S. Warren, John Day, J. Huminik, A. Scrymgeour, Elsayed Z. Soliman, Yashashwi Pokharel, Z.M. Zhang, C. Campbell, Jingzhou Hu, Lisa Keasler, S. Hensley, Y. Li, Rada Mihalcea, D.J. Min, V. Perez-Rosas, Lisa A. Prosser, L. Resnicow, W. Ye, Hui Shao, P. Zhang, José A. Luchsinger, D. Sanchez, Stephanie Assuras, Erik J. Groessl, F. Sakha, H. Chong, N. Hillery, I. Abdouch, G. Bahtiyar, P. Brantley, F.E. Broyles, G. Canaris, Paul M. Copeland, J.J. Craine, W.L. Fein, A. Gliwa, L. Hope, M.S. Lee, R. Meiners, V. Meiners, H. O’Neal, J.E. Park, Alan Sacerdote, E. Sledge, L. Soni, J. Steppel-Reznik, Alexander Turchin, Sherita Hill Golden, Jeffrey S. Gonzalez, Aanand D. Naik, Elizabeth A. Walker · 发表于：Diabetes Care · 年份：2024 · DOI：10.2337/dc23-1401 · 被引用次数：26 · 研究领域：Diabetes Management and Education、Medication Adherence and Compliance、Diabetes Management and Research

OBJECTIVE: We examined longitudinal associations between emotional distress (specifically, depressive symptoms and diabetes distress) and medication adherence in Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE), a large randomized controlled trial comparing four glucose-lowering medications added to metformin in adults with relatively recent-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Emotional Distress Substudy assessed medication adherence, depressive symptoms, and diabetes distress in 1,739 GRADE participants via self-completed questionnaires administered biannually up to 3 years. We examined baseline depressive symptoms and diabetes distress as predictors of medication adherence over 36 months. Bidirectional visit-to-visit relationships were also examined. Treatment satisfaction, beliefs about medication, diabetes care self-efficacy, and perceived control over diabetes were evaluated as mediators of longitudinal associations. RESULTS: At baseline, mean ± SD age of participants (56% of whom were White, 17% Hispanic/Latino, 18% Black, and 66% male) was 58.0 ± 10.2 years, diabetes duration 4.2 ± 2.8 years, HbA1c 7.5% ± 0.5%, and medication adherence 89.9% ± 11.1%. Higher baseline depressive symptoms and diabetes distress were independently associated with lower adherence over 36 months (P < 0.001). Higher depressive symptoms and diabetes distress at one visit predicted lower adherence at the subsequent 6-month v...