Climatic stability and geological history shape global centers of neo- and paleoendemism in seed plants

作者：Lirong Cai, Holger Kreft, Amanda O. Taylor, Julian Schrader, Wayne Dawson, Franz Essl, Mark van Kleunen, Jan Pergl, Petr Pyšek, Marten Winter, Patrick Weigelt · 发表于：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · 年份：2023 · DOI：10.1073/pnas.2300981120 · 被引用次数：67 · 研究领域：Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies、Plant and animal studies、Plant Diversity and Evolution

Assessing the distribution of geographically restricted and evolutionarily unique species and their underlying drivers is key to understanding biogeographical processes and critical for global conservation prioritization. Here, we quantified the geographic distribution and drivers of phylogenetic endemism for ~320,000 seed plants worldwide and identified centers and drivers of evolutionarily young (neoendemism) and evolutionarily old endemism (paleoendemism). Tropical and subtropical islands as well as tropical mountain regions displayed the world's highest phylogenetic endemism. Most tropical rainforest regions emerged as centers of paleoendemism, while most Mediterranean-climate regions showed high neoendemism. Centers where high neo- and paleoendemism coincide emerged on some oceanic and continental fragment islands, in Mediterranean-climate regions and parts of the Irano-Turanian floristic region. Global variation in phylogenetic endemism was well explained by a combination of past and present environmental factors (79.8 to 87.7% of variance explained) and most strongly related to environmental heterogeneity. Also, warm and wet climates, geographic isolation, and long-term climatic stability emerged as key drivers of phylogenetic endemism. Neo- and paleoendemism were jointly explained by climatic and geological history. Long-term climatic stability promoted the persistence of paleoendemics, while the isolation of oceanic islands and their unique geological histories promo...