GWAS and meta-analysis identifies 49 genetic variants underlying critical COVID-19

作者：Erola Pairo‐Castineira, Konrad Rawlik, Andrew D. Bretherick, Ting Qi, Yang Wu, Isar Nassiri, Glenn Alan McConkey, Marie Zechner, Lucija Klarić, Fiona Griffiths, Wilna Oosthuyzen, Athanasios Kousathanas, Anne Richmond, Jonathan Edward Millar, Clark D Russell, Tomas Malinauskas, Ryan S. Thwaites, Kirstie Morrice, Seán Keating, David M. Maslove, Alistair Nichol, Malcolm Gracie Semple, Julian Charles Knight, Manu Shankar‐Hari, Charlotte Summers, Charles Hinds, Peter Horby, Lowell Ling, Daniel Francis McAuley, Hugh Montgomery, Peter Openshaw, Colin B. Begg, Timothy Simon Walsh, Albert Tenesa, Carlos Flores, José A. Riancho, Augusto Rojas‐Martínez, Pablo Daniel Lapunzina, GenOMICC Investigators, Co-Investigators, Sara Clohisey, Johnny Millar, Manu Shankar‐Hari, Emma Aitkin, Latha Aravindan, Ruth Armstrong, J. Kenneth Baillie, Heather Biggs, Ceilia Boz, Adam J. Brown, Primmy Chikowore, Richard C. Clark, Audrey Coutts, J. Terrence Coyle, Louise Cullum, Sukamal Das, Nicky Day, Lorna Donnelly, Esther Duncan, Paul Finernan, Max Head Fourman, Anita Furlong, James J. Furniss, Bernadette Gallagher, Tammy Gilchrist, Ailsa Golightly, Fiona Griffiths, Katarzyna Hafezi, Debbie Hamilton, Ross Hendry, Naomi Kearns, Dawn Law, R. M. Law, Sarah Law, Rebecca Lidstone-Scott, Christen Lauder, Louise MacGillivray, Alan W Maclean, Hanning Mal, Sarah McCafferty, Ellie Mcmaster, Jen Meikle, Shona C. Moore, Sheena Murphy, Hellen Mybaya, Miranda Odam, Wilna Oosthuyzen, Chenqing Zheng, Jiantao Chen, Nick Parkinson, Trevor Paterson, Petra Tucker, Katherine R. Schon, Andrew Stenhouse, Mihaela Das, Maaike C. Swets, Helen Szoor-McElhinney, Filip Taneski, Lance C. W. Turtle, Tony Wackett, Mairi Ward, Jane J. Weaver, Nicola Wrobel, Marie Zechner, Jacqueline Pan, Neus Grau, Tim Jones, Rosario Lim, Martina Marotti, R. Chris Whitton, Aneta Bociek, Sara Campos, Gill Arbane, Manu Shankar‐Hari, Marlies Ostermann, Mina Cha, Fabiola DAmato, Eirini Kosifidou, Shelley Lorah, Kyma Morera, Sarah Bircham, Laura Brady, Keith Hugill, Jeremy Henning, Stephen Bonner, Evie Headlam, Jessica Jones, Abigail List, Joanne Morley, Amy Welford, Bobette Kamangu, Anitha Ratnakumar, Abiola Shoremekun, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK, Zoe Alldis, Raine Astin-Chamberlain, Fatima Bibi, Jack Biddle, Sarah Blow, Matthew L. Bolton, Catherine Borra, Ruth Bowles, Maudrian Burton, Yasmin Choudhury, Amber Cox, Amy Easthope, Patrizia Ebano, Stavros Fotiadis, Jana Gurasashvili, Rosslyn Halls, Pippa Hartridge, Delordson Kallon, Jamila Kassam, Ivone Lancoma-Malcolm, Maninderpal Matharu, Peter R. May, Oliver Mitchelmore, Tabitha Newman, Mital D. Patel, Jane Pheby, Irene Pinzuti, Zoe Prime, Oleksandra D. Prysyazhna, Julian I. Shiel, Melanie M Taylor, Carey Tierney, Olivier Zongo, Suzanne M. Wood, Anne Zak, David Andrew Collier, Manuela Mundy, C. C. Thompson, Lisa Pritchard, Minnie Gellamucho, David Cartlidge, Nageswar Bandla, Lucy Bailey, Michelle Davies, Jane Delaney, Leanne Scott, Marwa Abdelrazik, Frater Alasdair, David Carter, Munzir Elhassan, Arunkumar Ganesan, Samuel Jenkins, Zoe Lamond, Dharam Purohit, Kumar Rohit, Malik Saleem, Alanna Wall, Kugan Xavier, Dhanalaksmi Bakthavatsalam, Kirolos Gehad, Pakeerathan Gnanapragasam, Kapil Kumar Jain, Swati Jain, Abdul Qadeer Malik, Naveen Pappachan, Jerónimo Moreno-Cuesta, Anne Haldeos, Rachel Vincent, Maryjane Oziegb, Anna Cavazza, Maeve Cockrell, Eleanor Corcoran, Maria Therese Depante, Clare Finney, Ellen Jerome, Abigail Knighton, Monalisa Nayak, Evita Pappa, Rohit Saha, Sian Saha, Andrew W Dodd, Kevin O’Reilly, Mark J.W. McPhail, Emma Clarey, Harriet Noble, John Kolton Smith, Phoebe Coghlan, Stephen James Brett, Anthony C. Gordon, Maie Templeton, David Benjamin Antcliffe, Dorota Banach, Sarah Darnell, Ziortza Fernandez, Eleanor Jepson, Amal Mohammed, Roceld Rojo, Sonia Sousa Arias, Anita Tamang Gurung, Jenny S. J. Wong, Jaime Fernandez-Roman, David Oliver Hamilton, Emily Johnson, Brian W. Johnston, Maria Lopez Martinez, Suleman Mulla, Alicia Waite, Karen Williams, Victoria Waugh, Ingeborg Dorothea Welters, Jessica Emblem, Maria Norris, David Shaw, Archana Bashyal, Sally Beer, Paula Hutton, Stuart McKechnie, Neil Davidson, Soya Mathew, Grace Readion, Jung Hee Ryu, Jean M. Wilson, Shruti Agrawal, Kay Elston, Megan Jones, Eoghan Meaney, Petra Polgarova, Muhammad Elbehery, Charlotte Summers, Esther Daubney, Anthony Ng, Jocelyn R. Marshall, Nazima Pathan, Katerina Stroud, Deborah J. White, Angela Andrew, Saima Ashraf, Amy Clark, Martin Dent, Margaret Langley, Cecilia Peters, Lucy Ryan, Julia Sampson, Shuying Wei, Alice Baddeley, Megan Meredith, Lucy Morris, Alexandra Gibbons, Lisa McLoughlin, Carlos Castro Delgado, Victoria R. Clark, Deborah Dawson, Lijun Ding, Georgia Durrant, Obiageri Ezeobu, Abiola Harrison, William James Hurt, Rebecca Kanu, Ashley Kinch, Susannah K. Leaver, Ana Carolina Ribeiro Lisboa, Jisha Mathew, Kamal Patel, Romina Pepermans Saluzzio, John Rawlins, Tinashe Samakomva, Nirav R. Shah, Christine Sicat, Joana Texeira, Joana Gomes De Queiroz, Edna Fernandes Da Gloria, Elena Maccacari, Nikki Yun, Soumendu Manna, Sarah Farnell-Ward, Maria Maizcordoba, Maria Thanasi, Hawakin Haji Ali, Janice Hastings, Lina Grauslyte, Musarat Hussain, Bobby Ruge, Sam Joseph King, Tatiana Pogreban, Lace Paulyn Rosaroso, Helen Elizabeth Smith, Mandeep-Kaur Phull, Nikkita Adams, George R. Franke, Aparna George, Erika Šalčiūtė, Joanna Kae Ling Wong, Karen Dunne, Luke Flower, Emma Sharland, Sukhmani Sra, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Gillian Andrew, Marie Callaghan, Lucy Barclay, Lucy Marshall, John Kenneth Baillie, Maria Amamio, Sophie Birch, Kate Briton, Sarah J. Clark, Katerine Doverman, Dave Hope, Corrienne McCulloch, Scott Simpson, Jo Singleton, Rita Fernandez, Meryem Allen, David Baptista, Rebecca Crowe, Jonathan Fox, Jacyntha Khera, Adam Loveridge, India McKenley, Eriko Morino, Andrés Naranjo, Denise O’Connor, Richard H. Simms, Kathryn Sollesta, Andrew Swain, Harish Venkatesh, Rosie Herdman-Grant, Anna Joseph, Angela Nown, Steve Rose, David G. Pogson, Helen Boxall, Lutece Brimfield, Helen Claridge, Zoe Daly, Shenu George, Andrew Gribbin, Yusuf Cheema, Sean Cutler, Owen Richards, Anna Roynon-Reed, Shiney Cherian, Anne Emma Heron, Gemma A. Williams, Tamás Szakmány, Abby Waters, Kim Collins, Jill Dunhill, F. Burton Jones, Rebecca Morris, Lucy Ship, Amy L. Cardwell, Syamlan Ali, Ravi Bhatterjee, Rachel Bolton, Srikanth Chukkambotla, Dabheoc Coleman, Jack Dalziel, Joseph Dykes, Christopher Fine, Bethan Gay, Wendy Goddard, Drew Goodchild, Rhiannan Harling, Muhammad Hijazi, Sarah Keith, Meherunnisa Khan, Roseanna Matt, Janet Ryan-Smith, Samuel Saad, Philippa Springle, Jacqueline Thomas, Nick Truman, Aayesha Kazi, Matthew Smith, Heather Collier, Chloe Davison, Stephen Duberley, Jeanette Hargreaves, Janice Hartley, Tahera Patel, Elizabeth Smith, Alissa Kent, Emma C. Goodwin, Ahmed Zaki, Clare Tibke, Susan Hopkins, Hywel Gerrard, Matthew A Jackson, Sara Bennett, Liane Marsh, Rebecca Mills, Jessica Bell, Helen Campbell, Angela J Dawson, Steve Dodds, Stacey Duffy, Lisa G. Gallagher, Gemma L McCafferty, Stacey Short, Tracy Smith, Kirsty Thomas, Claire A. Walker, Jessica D. Reynolds, Bryan Yates, Hayley McKie, Maria Panteli, Maria Thompson, Gail Waddell, Sarah De Beger, Azmerelda Abraheem, Charlie Dunmore, Rumanah Girach, Rhianna Jones, Emily London, Imrun Nagra, Farah Nasir, Hannah Sainsbury, Clare Smedley, Stephen P. Brearey, Caroline Burchett, Kathryn Cawley, Maria Faulkner, Helen Jeffrey, Peter Bamford, Firdaus Shaikh, Lauren Slack, Angela M. Davies, Hollie Brooke, Jose Cebrian Suarez, Ruth Charlesworth, Karen Hansson, John W. Norris, Alice Poole, Rajdeep S. Sandhu, Elizabeth Smithson, Muthu Thirumaran, Veronica Wagstaff, Sarah Buckley, Brendan Sloan, Alastair Rose, Amy Major, Alexandra Metcalfe, Christine Almaden-Boyle, Pauline Austin, Susan M Chapman, Alexandre Eros, Louise Cabrelli, Stephen J. Cole, Clare Whyte, Matt Casey, Vasileios Bafitis, George Tsinaslanidis, Cassandra George, Reena Nair Khade, Christopher B. Black, Sundar Raj Ashok, Sean Farley, Elaine Brinkworth, Rachel Harford, Carl Murphy, Marie Williams, Luke Newey, Hannah Toghill, Sophie Lewis, Tabitha Rees, Ceri Elisabeth Battle, Mark Baker, Jenny Travers, Karen Chesters, Nicola Baxter, Andrew Arnott, Gordan McCreath, Christopher McParland, Laura K. Rooney, Malcolm Ross Sim, Steven Henderson, Lynn Abel, Carol Dalton, Sophie Kennedy-Hay, Lynn O’Donohoe, Megan O’Hare, Izabela Orlikowska, Natasha Parker, Fiona McNeela, Amanda Lyle, Alistair Hughes, Jayachandran Radhakrishnan, Sian Gibson, Hollie Bancroft, Mary Bellamy, Jacqueline Daglish, Salma Bibi Kadiri, Faye Moore, Joanne Rhodes, Mirriam Sangombe, Zhane Peterkin, James E. Scriven, Margaret Carmody, Juliet Cottle, Emily Peasgood, Laura Ortiz-Ruiz de Gordoa, Claire Phillips, Denise Skinner, Zoe Cinquina, Kate Howard, Rosie Joy, Samantha Roche, Isobel Birkinshaw, J. W. S. Carter, Jo Ingham, Nicola Marshall, Harriet Pearson, Zoë Scott, Jo Dasgin, Jaspret Gill, Annette Nilsson, Amy L. Bamford, Diana Hull, James E. Scriven, Nafeesah Ahmadhaider, Michelle D. Bates, Christopher McGhee, Hannah Ellis, Gwenllian Sera Howe, Jayaprakash Singh, Natalie Stroud, Lisa M. Roche, Ceri Lynch, Bethan Deacon, Carla Pothecary, Justyna Smeaton, Kevin Agravante, Vinodh Krishnamurthy, Cynthia Diaba, Lincy John, Lai Lim, Rajeev Jha, Jasmine Egan, Timothy Felton, Susannah Glasgow, Grace Padden, Ozerah Choudhr, Joanne Bradley-Potts, Stuart Moss, Saejohn Lingeswaran, Peter D. G. Alexander, Craig Brandwood, Sofia Fiouni, Luke Ward, Schvearn Allen, Jane Alexandra Shaw, Christopher C. Smith, Oluronke Adanini, Rebecca Collins, Maines Msiska, Linda Ofori, Nikhil Bhatia, Hayley Dolan, Mark Brunton, Jess Caterson, Holly Coles, Liza Keating, Emma Tilney, Nicola Jacques, Matthew C. Frise, Jennifer Armistead, Shauna Bartley, Parminder Bhuie, Sabi Rai, Gabriela Tomkova, Sandra Greer, Karen Shuker, Ascanio Tridente, Emma Dobson, Jodie Hunt, Redmond P. Tully, Joy Dearden, Andrew Drummond, Prakash Kamath, Emily Bullock, Michelle Mulcahy, Shelia Munt, Gráinne O’Connor, Jennifer Philbin, Chloe Rishton, Chloe E. H. Scott, Sarah Winnard, Nurkamalia Hasni, Rachel Gascoyne, Joanne Hawes, Kelly Pritchard, Lesley M. Stevenson, Amanda Whileman, Sarah Beavis, Lauren Bishop, Cindy Cart, Katie Dale, Mary Kelly-Baxter, Adam Mendelski, Emma Moakes, Rheanna Smith, Jan Woodward, Stephanie K. Wright, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK, Angela S. Allan, Adriana Botello, Jade Liew, Jasmine Medhora, Erin Trumper, Felicity Savage, Teresa Scott, Marc Place, Callum T. Kaye, Sarah Benyon, Suzie Marriott, Linda Park, Helen R. Quinn, Daisy Skyes, Lily Zitter, Kizzy Baines, Elizabeth S. Gordon, Samantha Keenan, Andrew M. Pitt, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK, Katharine Duffy, Jane Ireland, Gary Semple, Lynne Turner, Susanne Cathcart, Dominic Rimmer, Alex Puxty, Kathryn A. Puxty, Andrew E. Hurst, Jennifer R. Miller, Susan Speirs, Lauren M. Walker, Zena Bradshaw, Joanna L. Brown, Sarah Melling, Stephen Preston, Nicola Slawson, Scott M. Warden, Alanna Beasley, Emma Stoddard, Leonie Benham, Jason Cupitt, Melanie Caswell, Lisa Elawamy, Ashleigh Wignall, Belinda Roberts, Hannah Golding, Samantha Leggett, Michelle Male, Martyna Marani, Kirsty Prager, Toran Williams, Kim Golder, Oliver P. Jones, Rebecca Cusack, Clare Bolger, Rachel Burnish, Michael J. Carter, Susan Jackson, Karen Salmon, Jonathan Biss, Maia Far Aquino, Maria Croft, Victoria Jane Frost, Ian White, Keshnie Govender, Natasha Webb, Liana Stapleton, Colin J. Wells, Nikitas Nikitas, Ana Sánchez-Rodríguez, Kayleigh Spencer, Bethan Stowe, Yvonne Izzard, Michelle Poole, Sonja Monnery, Sallyanne Trotman, Valerie Beech, Edward Combes, Teishel Joefield, Patrick Covernton, Sarah Savage, Elizabeth Woodward, Julie Camsooksai, Henrik Reschreiter, Charlotte Barclay, Yasmin DeAth, Judith Dube, Charlotte Humphrey, Sarah M. Jenkins, Emma Langridge, Rebecca Jane Milne, Beverley Wadams, Megan Woolcock, Michael Brett, Brian Digby, Lisa Gemmell, James Hornsby, Patrick MacGoey, Pauline O’Neil, R. Arlen Price, Radha Sundaram, Lynn Abel, Natalie Rodden, Nicola Thomson, Kevin Rooney, Susan Currie, Natasha Parker, Lauren M. Walker, Philip B. Henderson, Bethan Ogg, Simon M. Whiteley, Liz Wilby, Kate Long, Shailamma Matthew, Sheila Salada, Susan Trott, Sarah Watts, Zoe Friar, Abigail Speight, Victoria Bastion, Humza Chandna, Brice Djeugam, Muhammad Haseeb, Harriet Kent, Gamu Lubimbi, Sophie Murdoch, Alastair Thomas, Beena David, Rachel Lorusso, Ana Vochin, Melchizedek Penacerrada, Retno Sri Wulandari, Charlotte Heath, Srinivas Jakkula, Anna Morris, Ashar Ahmed, Arvind Nune, Claire Buttriss, Emma Whitaker, Miriam Davey, David B.K. Golden, Amy Acklery, Fábio Danziato Fernandes, Bec Seaman, Victoria C. Earl, Amy Collins, Waqas Khaliq, Rachel Adam, Estefania Treus, Sarah Holland, Jordan Alfonso, Bethan Blackledge, Michelle Bruce, Laura Jayne Durrans, Ayaa Eltayeb, Jade D. Harris, Samuel Hey, Martin Hruška, Thomas W. Lamb, Joanne C. Rothwell, Adele Fitzgerald, Gabriella Lindergard, Helen T-Michael, Tracey M. Duncan, Sharon Baxter-Dore, Lisa Cooper, Claire Fox, Jacinta Guerin, Tracey Hodgkiss, Karen L. Connolly, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK, Paul McAlinden, Victoria Bridgett, Maggie Fearby, Arvind Gulati, HELEN LOUISE HANSON, Sinéad Kelly, Louise McCormack, Rachel Nixon, Philip W. Robinson, Victoria Slater, Elaine Stephenson, Andrea J. Webster, Kimberly Webster, Carole Hays, Anne Hudson, Bijal Patel, I Clement', John M. Davis, Sarah L Francis, Douglas Jerry, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK, C. R. Abernathy, Louise C. Foster, Andrew Gratrix, Llucia Cabral-Ortega, Matthew Hines, Victoria Martinson, Elizabeth Stones, Karen Winter, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK, Esther Barrow, Katharine Wylie, Deborah Louise Baines, Katie Birchall, Laurel Kolakaluri, Richard C. Clark, Anila Sukumaran, Craig Brandwood, Melanie A. Barker, Deborah Paripoorani, Lara Smith, Charlotte Taylor, Charlotte Downes, Melanie Hayman, Katie Riches, Priya Daniel, Deepak Subramanian, Kathleen Holding, Mary A. Hilton, Carly McDonald, Georgina Richardson, Georgia Halladay, Peter Harding, Amie Reddy, Ian Turner-Bone, Laura Wilding, Robert S. Parker, Michaela Lloyd, Leanne Smith, Charlie Kelly, Maria Lazo, Alan Neal, Olivia Walton, Julie Melville, Jay Naisbitt, Emily Bullock, Rosane Joseph, Sara Callam, Lisa Hudig, Jocelyn Keshet-Price, Katie Stammers, Karen M. Convery, Georgina Randell, Deirdre Fottrell-Gould, Esther Mwaura, Sara-Beth Sutherland, Richard A. Stewart, Louise E. Mew, Lynn Wren, Laura Thrasyvoulou, Heather Willis, James E. Scriven, Bridget Hopkins, Daniel Lenton, Abigail Roberts, Maria Bokhari, Rachael Lucas, Wendy McCormick, Jenny Ritzema, Vanessa Linnett, Amanda Sanderson, Helen Wild, Rebecca C. Flanagan, Robert W Hull, Kat Rhead, Emma McKenna, Gareth Hughes, Jennifer Anderson, Kelly L. Jones, Scott F. Latham, Heather Riley, Martina Coulding, Martyn Clark, Jacqueline McCormick, Oliver Mercer, Darsh Potla, Hafiz Muhammad Rehman, Heather Savill, Victoria S. Turner, Edward Bernard Jude, Susan M. Kilroy, Elena Apetri, Cathrine Basikolo, Bethan Blackledge, Laura Catlow, Matthew Collis, Reece J Doonan, Jade D. Harris, Alice Harvey, Karen Knowles, Stephanie J. Lee, Diane Lomas, Chloe Lyons, Liam McMorrow, Angiy Michael, Jessica Pendlebury, Jane Perez, Maria Poulaka, Nicola Proudfoot, Kathryn Slevin, Vicky Thomas, Danielle Walker, Paul M Dark, Bethan Charles, Danielle McLaughlan, Melanie Slaughter, Daniel Edward Horner, Kathryn Cawley, Tracy Marsden, JoyAnn Andrews, Emily Beech, Olugbenga Akinkugbe, Alasdair Bamford, Holly Belfield, Gareth A. L. Jones, Tara McHugh, Hamza Meghari, Samiran Ray, Ana Luisa Tomas, Lauran O’Neill, Mark John Peters, M. J. Bell, Sarah Benkenstein, Catherine Chisholm, Charlene Davies, Klaudia Kupiec, Caroline E. Payne, Joanna Halls, Hayley Blakemore, Elizabeth Goff, Kati Hayes, Kerry E. Smith, Deanna Stephens, Ruth Worner, Borislava Borislavova, Beverley Faulkner, Matt Thomas, Ruth Cookson, Emma Gendall, Georgina Larman, Rebecca Anne Pope, Artur Smalira, Victoria Priestley, Tracey Cosier, Gemma Millen, James Rand, Natasha Schumacher, Roxana Sandhar, Heather Weston, Neil E. Richardson, Lucy Cooper, Cathy H. Jones, Ya-Wen Jessica Huang, Reni Jacob, Craig Denmade, Lewis McIntyre, Dawn Trodd, Jane K Martin, Geoff Watson, Emily Bevan, Caroline Wreybrown, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK, Shereen Bano, Ruth Bellwood, Michael J. Bentley, Matt Bromley, Lucy Gurr, Camilla Ledgard, Janet McGowan, Kate Pye, Kirsten Sellick, Amelia Stacey, Deborah Warren, Brian J. Wilkinson, Louise Akeroyd, Huma Shafique, James P. Morgan, Susan A. Shorter, Rachel Swinger, Emily Alexandria Waters, Tom Lawton, Elizabeth H. Allan, Kate Darlington, Ffyon Davies, Llinos Davies, Jack Easton, Sumit Kumar, Richard Lean, Callum Mackay, Richard J. Pugh, Xinyi Qiu, Stephanie L. Rees, Jeremy Scanlon, Joanne M. Lewis, Daniel Menzies, Annette Bolger, Gwyneth A. Davies, Jennifer Davies, Esther Garrod, Helen S. Jones, Rachel Manley, Hannah Williams, Jordan Frankham, Sally Pitts, Nigel White, Debbie Branney, Heather Tiller, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, UK, Georgia Efford, Zoe Garland, Lisa Grimmer, Bethany Gumbrill, Rebekah Johnson, Katie Sweet, Jeremy Bewley, Christina Coleman, Katie E. Corcoran, Eva Maria Hernandez Morano, Rachel Shiel, DENISE C. WEBSTER, Josephine Bonnici, Eleanor Daniel, Abbie Dell, Melanie Kent, Ami Wilkinson, Ellen D Brown, Andrea Kay, Suzanne Campbell, Amanda Cowton, Mark Birt, Vicki Greenaway, Kathryn S. Potts, Clare Hutton, Andrew Shepperson, Miranda Forsey, Alice Nicholson, Mark Vertue, Joanne Riches, Agilan Kaliappan, Anne Nicholson, Niall S. MacCallum, Eamon Raith, Georgia Bercades, Ingrid Hass, David A. Brealey, Gladys Martir, Anna Reyes, Deborah Smyth, Maria Zapatamartinez, Ana Alvaro, Champa Jetha, Louise Ma, Lauren Booker, Loreta Mostoles, Anezka Pratley, Abdelhakim Altabaibeh, Chetan D. Parmar, Kayleigh Gilbert, Susie Ferguson, Amy Shepherd, Sheila Morris, Jo Singleton, Rosie Baruah, Maria Amamio, Sophie Birch, Kate Briton, Sarah K. Clark, Katherine Doverman, Lucy Marshall, Scott Simpson, Georgina S. Lloyd, Stephanie H. Bell, Vanessa Rivers, Bally Purewal, Kate Hammerton, Susan Maguire Anderson, Janine Birch, Emma Collins, Ryan Oleary, Sarah Cornell, Jordan Jarmain, Kimberley Rogerson, Fiona Wakinshaw, Lindsey Woods, Anthony Rostron, Zeynep Elcioglu, Alistair Roy, Gillian L. Bell, Holly Dickson, Louise Wilcox, Amro Katary, Katy English, Joanne Hutter, Corinne Pawley, Patricia Doble, Charmaine Shovelton, Marius Vaida, Rebecca Purnell, Ashly Thomas, Lenka Cagova, Adama Fofano, Helen Holcombe, Alice Michael Mitchell, Lucy Mwaura, Krithivasan P. Raman, Lucie Garnr, Sue Mepham, Kitty Paques, Alain Vuylsteke, Jennifer Mackie, Carmen Pearn, Julie Zamikula, Mark Birt, Estefania Treus Gude, Maggie Nyirenda, Lisa Capozzi, Rosie Reece-Anthony, Waqas Khaliq, Hazma Noor, Alfa Cresia Nilo, Michelle Grove, Amelia Daniel, Amy Easthope, Joanne Finn, Nikki White, Rajnish Saha, Bibi Badal, Karen Ixer, Donna Duffin, Ben Player, Helen C. Hill, Jade M. Cole, Jenny Brooks, Michelle Davies, Rhys Davies, L. Hunt, Emma Jayne Thomas, Angharad Williams, Metod Oblak, Mini Thankachen, Jamie Irisari, Amrinder Sayan, Monica Popescu, Royal Albert Edward Infirmary, Wigan, UK, Cheryl Finch, Andrew Jamieson, Alison Quinn, Joshua Cooper, Sarah Liderth, Natalia Waddington, Iona Burn, Katarina Manso, Ruth Penn, Julie Tebbutt, Danielle Thornton, James Frank Winchester, Geraldine Hambrook, Pradeep Shanmugasundaram, Royal Lancaster Infirmary, Lancaster, UK, Jayne Craig, Kerry E. Simpson, Andrew J. Higham, Louise Sibbett, Sheila Paine, Annabel Reed, Jo-Anna Conyngham, McDonald Mupudzi, Rachel Thomas, Mary Jo Wright, Denise Griffin, Richard Partridge, Maria Alvarez Corral, Nycola Muchenje, Mildred Sitonik, Caroline Wrey Brown, Aaron Butler, Linda Folkes, Heather Roberts Fox, Amy E. Gardner, David Helm, Gillian Hobden, Kirsten King, Jordi Margalef, Michael Margarson, Tim Martindale, Emma Meadows, Dana Raynard, Yvette Thirlwall, Yolanda Baird, Raquel Gomez, Darren Patrick Martin, Luke Eliot Hodgson, Clinton Corin, Erikka Sidall, Densie Szabo, Sharon Floyd, Hannah Davies, Karen Austin, Olivia Kelsall, Hannah Wood, Peter A. V. Anderson, Katie E. Archer, Andrew J. Burtenshaw, Sarah Clayton, Naiara Cother, Nicholas J. Cowley, Caroline Davis, Stephen Digby, Alison Durie, Alison Harrison, Emma Low, Michael McAlindon, Alex McCurdy, Aled Morgan, Tobias Rankin, Jessica Thrush, Helen Tranter, Charlie Vigurs, Laura E. Wild, Thomas Andrew Cornell, Kate Ralph, Sarah Bean, Karen Burt, Michael Z. Spivey, Carol Richards, Rachel Tedstone, Siobhain Carmody, Xiaobei Zhao, Valerie Joan Page, Mark Louie Guanco, Elvira Hoxha, Camilla Zorloni, Charlotte H. Dean, Emma Jones, Emma Carter, Joshua Dunn, Thomas Kong, Mervin Mahenthran, Chris Marsh, Maureen Holland, Natalie Keenan, MOHAMED A. MAHMOUD, Marc Lyons, Joanne Bradley-Potts, Helen Wassall, Meghan Young, Paul Bradley, Dorota Burda, Sinead Donlon, Lesley Harden, Celia B. Harris, Irving Mayangao, Rugia Montaser, Sheila Mtuwa, Charles Piercy, Eleanor Smith, Sarah Lederberg Stone, Jerik Verula, Helen J. Blackman, Cheryl Marriott, Natalia Michalak, Ben C. Creagh-Brown, Armorel Salberg, Naomi Boyer, Veronika Pristopan, Victoria A Maynard, Rachel Walker, Anil P. Hormis, Dawn Collier, Cheryl Graham, Vicky Maynard, Jake McCormick, Jake Warrington, Denise Cosgrove, Denise McFarland, Judith Ratcliffe, Rob Charnock, Inez Wynter, Mandy Gill, Jill Kirk, Paul Paul, Valli Ratnam, Sarah C. Shelton, Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary, Dumfries, UK, Catherine B. Jardine, Alasdair W Hay, Dewi Williams, Bethan Deacon, Latha Durga, Meg Hibbert, Gareth Kennard-Holden, C.R. Woodford, Carla Pothecary, Lisa M. Roche, Dariusz Tetla, Kevin Agravante, Justyna Smeaton, Ysbyty Gwynedd, Bangor, UK, Alicia A. Price, Alice Thomas, Chris M. Thorpe, Ellen Knights, Donna Ward, Shondipon Laha, Mark Verlander, Alexandra J Williams, Rachel Prout, Helen Langton, Malcolm Watters, Charlotte Hunt, Catherine Novis, Sarwat Arif, Amy Cunningham, Claire Hewitt, Julia Hindale, Karen Jackson-Lawrence, Sarah Shepardson, Maryanne Wills, Susie Butler, Silivia Tavares, Russell Barber, Annette Hilldrith, Kelly Hubbard, Dawn Egginton, Michele N. Clark, Sarah Purvis, Simon Sinclair, Vicky Collins, Bethan Landeg, Craig Sell, Samantha Coetzee, Alistair Gales, Igor Otahal, Becky Icke, Meena Raj, Caroline Williams, Jill Williams, Lucy Hill, Abdul Kayani, Bridgett Masunda, Prisca Gondo, Nigara Atayeva, Carina Cruz, Natalie A. Pattison, Caroline Burnett, Jonathan Hatton, Elaine Heeney, Maria Newton, Hassan Al-Moasseb, Teresa Behan, Jasmine Player, Rachael Stead, Atideb Mitra, Kirsty Nauyokas, Sally C. Humphreys, Helen Cockerill, Ruth Tampsett, Evgeniya Postovalova, Tina Coventry, Amanda McGregor, Susan A. Fowler, Mike Macmahon, Patricia Cochrane, Sandra Pirie, Sarah Hanley, Asifa Ali, Megan A. Brady, Sam Dale, Annalisa Dance, Lisa Gledhill, Jill Greig, Kathryn Hanson, Kelly Holdroyd, Marie Home, Tahira Ishaq, Diane Kelly, Lear Matapure, D. Salas y Mélia, Samantha Mellor, Ekta Merwaha, Tonicha Nortcliffe, Lisa Shaw, Ryan B. Shaw, Tracy Wood, Lee-Ann Bayo, Miranda Usher, Alison M. Wilson, Ross Kitson, Jez Pinnell, Matthew K. Robinson, Kaitlin Boltwood, Jenny Birch, Laura Bough, Rebecca Tutton, Barbara Winter-Goodwin, Josie Goodsell, Kate Taylor, Patricia A H Williams, Sarah V Williams, Ashleigh Cave, James Rees, Janet Imeson-Wood, Jacqueline Smith, Vishal Amin, Komala Karthik, Rizwana Kausar, Elena Anastasescu, Karen Reid, Vikram Anumakonda, Ella Stoddart, Carrie Demetriou, Charlotte Eckbad, Lucy Howie, Sarah Mitchard, Lidia Ramos, Katie M. White, Sarah Hierons, F. M. Kelly, Alfredo Serrano-Ruiz, Gabrielle Evans, Liz Nicol, Joy Wilkins, Kim Hulacka, Gabor Debreceni, Alison Brown, Vikki Crickmore, Kay Hill, Thogulava Kannan, Zenaida Dagutao, Kate Beesley, Alison Lewis, Jess Perry, S Pallipparambil Antony, Sarah Board, Clare Buckley, Lucy Pippard, Alfonso Tanate, Diane P. Wood, Agnieska Kubisz-Pudelko, Ayman Gouda, F. C. Auld, Joanne Donnachie, Euan Murdoch, Lynn Prentice, Nikole Runciman, Dhaneesha Navin Sannasgala Senaratne, Abigail Short, Laura Sweeney, Lesley Symon, Anne Todd, Patricia L. Turner, Erin L. McCann, Dario Salutous, Ian Edmond, Lesley Whitelaw, Harish Venkatesh, Yvonne Bland, Istvan Kajtor, Lisa Kavanagh, Karen Singler, George Linfield-Brown, Luke S. P. Moore, Marcela Paola Vizcaychipi, Laura Gomes de Almeida Martins, Luke S. P. Moore, Rhian Bull, Jaime Carungcong, Louise E. Allen, Eva Beranová, Alicia Knight, Carly S. Price, Sorrell Tilbey, Sharon Turney, Tracy Hazelton, Gabriella Tutt, Mansi Arora, Salah Turki, Emily Sinfield, Joanne Deery, Hazel Ramos, Daniele Cristiano, Natalie C. Dormand, Zohreh Farzad, Mahitha Gummadi, Sara Salmi, Geraldine Sloane, Mathew Varghese, Vicky Thwaites, Brijesh V. Patel, Liyanage Kamal, Anelise Catelan Zborowski, Ryan Coe, Madeleine Anderson, Jane Beadle, Charlotte Coates, Katy Collins, Maria Crowley, Laura Johnson, LAURA M. KING, Remi Paramsothy, Janet Sargeant, Pedro Silva, Carmel Stuart, June S. Taylor, David Tyl, Phillipa Wakefield, Charlotte Kamundi, Olumide Olufuwa, Zakaulla Belagodu, Anca Gherman, Naomi Oakley, John R. Allan, Tim Geary, A.W. Meikle, Peter C. O’Brien, Stephen Andrew Wood, Andrew David Clark, J. Graeme Houston, Karen J. L. Black, Michelle Clarkson, Stuart D’Sylva, Alan Morrison, K. Norman, Margaret Ann Taylor, Suzanne E. Clements, Catriona Cohrane, Nora E. Gonzalez, Dominic Strachan, Claire Beith, Kirsten Moar, Lorna Murphy, Michelle Smythe, Alistair Nichol, Kathy Brickell, Inthakab Ali Mohamed Ali, Karen Beaumont, Mohamed Ashraf Elsaadany, Kay Fernandes, Sameena Mohamed Ally, Harini Rangarajan, Varun Sarathy, Sivarupan Selvanayagam, Dave Vedage, Matthew E. H. White, Zoe Coton, Aricsa Mariya Joshy, Mark C. Blunt, Hollie Curgenven, Liam Botfield, Catherine Dexter, Aditya Kuravi, Joanne Butler, Robert B. Chadwick, Poonam Ranga, Lisa Richardson, Emma Virgilio, Maddiha Anwer, Atul Garg, Donna Botfield, Xana Marriott, Keely Stewart, Dee Mullan, Claire Phillips, Jane Gaylard, Justyna Nowak, Denise Skinner, Siân Jones, Rikki Crawley, Abigail Crew, Mishell Cunningham, Allison Daniels, Laura Harrison, Susan Hope, Nicola Lancaster, Jamie Matthews, Gemma Wray, Alice Nicholson, Ken Inweregbu, Sarah Cutts, Katharine K. Miller, Ailbhe Brady, Rebekah Chan, Shane McIvor, Helena Prady, Bijoy Mathew, Jeff Little, Tim Furniss, Chris R Wright, Bernadette King, Christopher W. Wasson, Aisling O’Neill, Christine B. Turley, Peter J. McGuigan, Erin S. Collins, Stephanie Finn, Jackie Green, Julie McAuley, Abitha Nair, Charlotte Quinn, Suzanne Tauro, Kathryn Ward, Michael McGinlay, Kiran K. Reddy, Norfaizan Ahmad, Samantha Anderson, Joann Barker, Kris Bauchmüller, Kathryn Birchall, Sarah Bird, Kay Cawthron, Luke Chetam, Joby Cole, Ben Donne, David Foote, Amber Ford, Helena Hanratty, Kate Anne Harrington, Lisa Hesseldon, Kay Housley, Yvonne Jackson, Claire Jarman, Faith Kibutu, Becky Lenagh, Irene Macharia, Shamiso Masuko, Leanne Milner, Helen Newell, Lorenza Nwafor, Simon Oxspring, Patrick P. J. Phillips, Ajay Raithatha, Sarah Rowland‐Jones, Jacqui Smith, ROGER B. THOMPSON, Helen Trower, Sara E. Walker, James Watson, Matthew D. Wiles, Alison Lye, Jayne Willson, GARY H. MILLS, Sansha Harris, Eleanor Hartill, Anthony Barron, Ciara Collins, Sundeep Kaul, Claire M. Nolan, Oliver Polgar, Claire Nicole Prendergast, Paula Rogers, Rajvinder Shokkar, Meriel Woodruff, Kanta Mahay, Vicky Thwaites, Anna K. Reed, Hayley Meyrick, Heather Passmore, James P. Farwell, Cumberland Infirmary, Carlisle, UK, Alison Brown, Susan O’Connell, Jane E. Gregory, Luigi Barberis, Rosemary Harper, Timothy F. Smith, Diane Armstrong, Angie Bowey, Anne Cowley, Andrew Corner, Judith Highgate, Claire Rutherfurd, Joanne Taylor, Sarah Goodwin, Claire Louise Rutherford, Beena Eapen, Fiona Trim, Phil Donnison, Lisa Armstrong, Hayley Bates, Emma Dooks, Fiona Farquhar, Amy Kitching, Chantal McParland, Sophie Packham, Brigid Hairsine, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK, Anand Shivajirao Patil, Premetie Andreou, Dawn Hales, Megha Mathews, Rekha S Patel, Peter A. Barry, Neil Flint, Jessica Hailstone, Navneet Ghuman, Bethany Leonard, Rachel Lees, Deborah Butcher, Katy Leng, Nicola Butterworth‐Cowin, Susie O’Sullivan, Alison Ghosh, Emma J. Williams, Colene Adams, Anita Agasou, Tracie Arden, Mandy Beekes, Amy Bowes, Pauline Boyle, Heather Button, Mandy Carnahan, Anne J. Carter, Danielle Childs, Jane Gaylard, Fran Hurford, Yasmin Hussain, Ayesha Javaid, James R. Jones, Michael Leigh, Terry R. Martin, Helen Millward, Nichola Motherwell, Dee Mullan, Julie Newman, Rachel Rikunenko, Jo Stickley, Julie Summers, Louise Ting, Helen Tivenan, Denise Donaldson, Nigel E. Capps, Emily Cale, Sanal Jose, Wendy Osbourne, Susie Pajak, Jayne Rankin, Louise Tonks, Tracy Baird, Margaret Harkins, Jim Ruddy, Joe West, Joseph Duffield, Lewis Mallon, Oliver F. Smith, Sara Smuts, Andy Campbell, Cate Davies, Sarah Davies, Rachel L. Hughes, Lisa Jobes, Victoria Whitehead, Clare Watkins, Fiona Bowman, Barry Milligan, Liane McPherson, Stella Metherell, Nichola Harris, Victoria Lake, Elizabeth J. Radford, Andy Smallwood, Shameer Gopal, Katherine Vassell, Dina Bell, Rosalind Boyle, Katie M. Douglas, Lynn Glass, Liz Lennon, Austin Rattray, Claire Beith, Emma Lee, Danielle Jones, Penny Parsons, Ben Attwood, Paul Jefferson, Mohan Ranganathan, Inderjit Atwal, Bridget Campbell, Angela Day, Camilla Stagg, Emma Haynes, Cecilia Ahmed, Sarah Clamp, Julie Colley, Risna Haq, Anne Hayes, Sibet Joseph, Zahira Maqsood, Samia Hussain, Jonathan Hulme, Patience Domingos, Rita Kumar, Manjit Purewal, Becky Taylor, Lara Bunni, Monica Latif, Claire Jennings, Shilu Jose, Rebecca Marshall, Aleksandra Metryka, Gayathri Subramanian, Adam M. Burgoyne, Susan O’Connell, Amanda Tyler, Joanne Waldron, Paula Hilltout, Jayne Evitts, Geraldine Ward, Pamela Bremmer, Carl Hawkins, Sophie Jackman, Michał Ogórek, Kylie Ashby, Lorraine Thornton, Pauline Mercer, Matthew Halkes, Adam Revill, Bryony Saint, Jo Fletcher, Kimberley Netherton, Manish Chablani, Amy Kirkby, Amanda Roper, Kinga Szymiczek, Isobel Sutherland, Linda O’Brien, Igor Otahal, Joanne Connell, Kim Davies, Tracy R. Lewis, Zohra Omar, Emma Perkins, Lisa M. Roche, Sonia Sathe, Ellie Davies, Alex Lyon, Isheunesu Mapfunde, Charlotte Willis, Rachael Hitchcock, Kathryn Hall, Christopher King, Andrew Fagan, Roonak Nazari, Lucy Worsley, Suzanne Allibone, Vidya Kasipandian, Amit R. Patel, Parisa Cutting, Roman Genetu, Ainhi Mac, Anthony Murphy, Sinead Ward, Fatima Butt, Amanda Ayers, Dean Anthony Harris, Katherine Mackintosh, Julie North, Lydia Ashton, Rehana Bi, Samantha Owen, Helen Winmill, Barney Scholefield, Hannah Blowing, Erin Williams, Michaela Dušková, Michelle Edwards, A.R. Rees, Helen Thomas, Rachel L. Hughes, Igor Otahal, Jolene Brooks, Janet E. Phipps, Suzanne E. Brooks, Catherine Dennis, Vicki Parris, Sinduya Srikaran, Anisha Sukha, Alistair P. McGregor, Gerlynn Tiongson, Katie Adams, Benedict Andrew, Adam B. Brayne, Sasha Carter, Louise Findlay, Emma Fisher, Peter K. Jackson, Duncan Kaye, Juliet Parkin, Victoria Tuckey, Jane Hunt, Nicholas F. Love, Lynne van Koutrick, Ashley Hanson, Kathy Dent, Elizabeth T.M. Horsley, Sandra Pearson, Sue Spencer, Dorothy Hutchinson, Jasmine Player, Dorota Potoczna, Muhammad Nauman Akhtar, Lisa-Jayne Cottam, Kirsty Nauyokas, Jack Sanders, Sara Mingo Garcia, Glykeria Pakou, Cynthia Diaba, Helder Filipe, Lincy John, Amitaa Maharajh, Mark de Neef, DANIEL S. MARTIN, Christine Eastgate, Poh Choo Teoh, Fiona Barrett, Clare Jane Bradley, Avril Donaldson, Mairi Mascarenhas, Marianne O’Hara, Laura Okeefe, Noreen Clarke, Jonathan Whiteside, Rachael Campbell, Joanna M. Matheson, Deborah Dillon McDonald, Donna Patience, Polly Rice, Timothy F. Smith, Melanie Clapham, Rachel Mutch, Luigi Barberis, Rosemary Harper, Hannah Craig, Una Poultney, Karen E. A. Burns, Andrew J. Higham, Sophie Twiss, Janet Barton, Linsha George, Clare Harrop, Sherly Mathew, David Justin Wright, Rachel Harrison, Jordan Toohie, Ben Chandler, Alison E. Turnbull, Janine Mallinson, Kerry Elliott, Rebecca Wolf-Roberts, Helen Tench, Igor Otahal, Maria Hobrok, Ronda Loosley, Heather McGuinness, Tanya Sims, Deborah Afolabi, Kathryn Sian Allison, Taya Anderson, Rachael Dore, Dawn M. Jones, Naomi Rogers, Paula Saunderson, Jennifer Whitbread, Laura O’Malley, Laura Rad, Daniel B. Hawcutt, Jonathan Aldridge, Melanie Tolson, Sweyn Garrioch, Joanne Tomlinson, Michael Grosdenier, David Loader, Ritoo Kapoor, Gemma Hector, Joslan Scherewode, Chunda Sri-Chandana, Lorraine Stephenson, Sarah A. Marsh, Arnold Dela Rosa, Shaman Jhanji, Thomas Bemand, Ryan Howle, Ravishankar Rao Baikady, Benjamin Thomas, Ethel Black, Kate Colette Tatham, Sambasivarao Gurram, Ekaterina Watson, Vicki Parris, Sheena Quaid, Alistair P. McGregor, Anne Saunderson, Rachel O’Brien, Sam Moultrie, Jen Service, Clare Cheyne, Miranda Odam, Alison Wiliams, Nicky Barnes, Péter Csábi, Joana Da Rocha, Louika Glynou, Amy Huffenberger, Jade A Bryant, Amy Pickard, Nicholas Roe, Arianna Bellini, Anton Mayer, Amy Burrow, Natalie Colley, Jayne Evans, Alex Howlett, Zeinab Khalifeh, Jerldine Pryce, Claire L. Gorman, Amy Easthope, Rebecca Brady, Elizabeth Timlick, Pierre Antoine, Abhinhav Gupta, John Hardy, Henry Houlden, Eleanor M. Moncur, Arianna Tucci, Eamon Raith, Ambreen Tariq, David A. Brealey, Emma Tagliavini, Becky Ramsay, Katy Fidler, Kevin Donnelly, Rebecca Hollis, Jocelyn Barr, ELIZABETH BOYD, Val Irvine, Ben Shelley, Julie A. Buckley, Charlene Hamilton, Kathryn Valdeavella, J. Abellán, René Acosta-Isaac, José María Aguado, Carlos Aguilar, Sergio Aguilera, Abdolah Ahmadi Sabbagh, Jorge Enrique Machado‐Alba, Sergiu Albu, Karla A. M. Alcalá-Gallardo, Julia Alcoba-Flórez, Sergio Alcolea Batres, Holmes Rafael Algarin-Lara, Virginia Almadana Pacheco, Júlia Almeida, Berta Almoguera, María R. Alonso, Núria Álvarez, Yady Álvarez-Benítez, Felipe Álvarez-Navia, Rodolfo Álvarez-Sala Walther, Álvaro Andreu-Bernabeu, Maria Rosa Antonijoan, Eunate Arana‐Arri, Carlos Aranda, Celso Arango, Carolina Araque, Nathália Kelly de Araújo, Izabel M. T. Araujo, Ana Carolina Arcanjo, Ana Arnáiz, Francisco Arnalich Fernández, Maria Jesús Arranz, José Ramon Arribas Lopez, María-Jesús Artiga, Yubelly Avello-Malaver, Carmen Ayuso, Ana Margarita Baldión-Elorza, Belén Ballina Martín, Raúl Cuauhtemoc Baptista-Rosas, Andrea Barranco-Díaz, María Barreda‐Sánchez, Viviana Barrera-Penagos, Moncef Belhassen‐García, Enrique Bernal, David Bernal Bello, Joao F. Bezerra, Marcos Bezerra, Natalia Blanca‐López, Rafael Blancas, Lucía Boix-Palop, Alberto Manuel Borobia, Elsa Bravo, Marı́a Brión, Oscar Brochado‐Kith, Ramón Brugada, Matilde Bustos, Alfonso Cabello, Juan J. Cáceres-Agra, Esther Calbo, Enrique J. Calderón, Shirley Camacho, Marcela C. Campos, Yolanda Cañadas, Cristina Carbonell, Servando Cardona‐Huerta, Antônio Augusto Ferreira Carioca, Maria Sanchez Carpintero, Carlos Carpio, Thássia Mayra Telles Carratto, José Antonio Carrillo-Ávila, Maria C. C. Carvalho, Carlos Casasnovas, Luis Antonio Castaño, Carlos Castaño, Jose Esteban Castelao, Aránzazu Castellano Candalija, María A. Castillo, Francisco Camiña Ceballos, Jessica G. Chaux, Walter G. Chaves-Santiago, Sylena Chiquillo-Gómez, Marco A. Cid-López, Óscar Cienfuegos-Jiménez, Rosa Conde, María Lourdes Cordero-Lorenzana, Dolores Corella, Almudena Corrales, José Luis Cortés-Sánchez, Marta Cortón, Tatiana X. Costa, Raquel Cruz, Marina S. Cruz, Luisa Cuesta, G. Coelho-Palermo Cunha, Gabriela V. da Silva, David Dalmau, Raquel Costa Silva Dantas‐Komatsu, María Teresa Darnaude, Raimundo de Andrés, Jéssica Nayara Góes de Araújo, Carmen de Juan, Juan De la Cruz Troca, Carmen de la Horra, Ana B. de la Hoz, Alba De Martino, Julianna Lys de Sousa Alves Neri, Víctor del Campo-Pérez, Juan Delgado, Covadonga Martínez Díaz-Caneja, Anderson Díaz Pérez, Aránzazu Díaz de Bustamante, Beatriz Dietl, Silvia Diz‐de Almeida, Manoella do Monte Alves, Elena Domínguez-Garrido, Katiusse Alves dos Santos, Alice M. Duarte, José Echave-Sustaeta, Rocío Eirós, César O. Enciso-Olivera, Gabriela Escudero, Pedro Pablo España, Gladys Mercedes Estigarribia Sanabria, María Carmen Fariñas, Marianne Rodrigues Fernandes, Ramón Tena Fernández, Lidia Fernández‐Caballero, Ana Fernández‐Cruz, María José Fernández-Nestosa, Uxía Fernández-Robelo, Amanda Fernández‐Rodríguez, Marta Fernández-Sampedro, Ruth Fernández‐Sánchez, Tania Fernández‐Villa, Silvia Fernández Ferrero, Yolanda Fernández Martínez, Carmen Fernéndez Capitán, Patricia Flores‐Pérez, Vicente Friaza, Lácides Fuenmayor-Hernández, Marta Fuertes Núñez, Victòria Fumadó, Ignacio Gadea, Lidia Gagliardi, Manuela Gago-Domínguez, Natalia Campos Gallego, Cristina Galoppo, Inés García‐Rubio, Mercedes Argentina García, Leticia García, Carlos García-Cerrada, Aitor García-de-Vicuña, Josefina Garcia-García, Irene García-García, Carmen García‐Ibarbia, Andrés C. García‐Montero, Ana García-Soidán, Elisa García‐Vázquez, María Carmen García Torrejón, Emiliano Garza-Frias, Ángela Gentile, Belén Gil-Fournier, Javier Gómez-Arrue, Mario Gómez-Duque, Luis Gómez Carrera, María Gómez García, Ángela Gómez Sacristán, Anna González‐Neira, Javier González‐Peñas, Manuel Gonzalez Sagrado, Beatriz González Álvarez, Fernán González Bernaldo de Quirós, Hugo Gonzalo‐Benito, Óscar Gorgojo-Galindo, Miguel Górgolas, Florencia Guaragna, Genilson P. Guegel, Beatriz Guillén‐Guío, Encarna Guillén‐Navarro, Pablo Guisado‐Vasco, Juan Francisco Gutiérrez‐Bautista, Luz Dary Gutiérrez-Castañeda, Sarah Béatrice Heili-Frades, Estefanía Hernández, Luis Daniel Hernández‐Ortega, Guillermo Hernández‐Pérez, Rebeca Hernández-Vaquero, Cristina Hernández Moro, Belén Herráez, Maria Teresa Herranz, María Herrera, Marí­a José Herrero, Antonio Herrero, Juan Pablo Horcajada, Natale Imaz-Ayo, Maider Intxausti-Urrutibeaskoa, María Íñiguez, Rafael Henriques Jácomo, Rubén Jara, Perez Maria Jazmin, Ángel Jiménez, Pilar Jiménez, Ignacio Jiménez-Alfaro, María Ángeles Jiménez‐Sousa, Iolanda Jordán, Rocío Laguna‐Goya, Daniel Laorden, María Lasa‐Lázaro, María Claudia Lattig, Ailen Lauriente, Anabel Liger Borja, Lucía Llanos, Amparo López‐Bernús, Esther López‐García, Rosario López‐Rodríguez, Miguel Ángel López‐Ruz, Eduardo López Granados, Leonardo Lorente, José Eugenio Lozano Alonso, María Lozano-Espinosa, Andre D. Luchessi, Ignacio Mahíllo, Esther Mancebo, Carmen Mar, Cristina Marcelo, Miguel Marcos, Alba Marcos‐Delgado, Alicia Marín Candón, Pablo Mariscal Aguilar, Maria Mercedes Iniguez de Onzono Martin, María Dolores Martín, Vicente Martín, Marta Martín-Fernández, Caridad Martín-López, José-Ángel Martín-Oterino, Laura Martín‐Pedraza, María Martin‐Vicente, Amalia Martinez, Ricardo Martínez, Juan José Martínez, Silvia Martínez, Eleno Martínez-Aquino, Óscar Martínez-González, Iciar Martínez‐López, Óscar Martínez-Nieto, Pedro Martínez-Paz, Ángel Martínez-Pérez, Andrea Martínez‐Ramas, Michel F. Martínez‐Reséndez, Violeta Martinez Robles, Laura Marzal, Juliana Forte Mazzeu, Jeane F. P. Medeiros, Kelliane A. Medeiros, Francisco Javier Medrano, Xosé Manuel Meijome Sánchez, Natalia Mejuto-Montero, Ana María Méndez-Echevarría, Humberto Mendoza Charris, Eleuterio Merayo Macías, Fátima Mercadillo, Arieh R. Mercado-Sesma, Pablo Mínguez, Antonio J. J. Molina, Elena Molina Roldán, Juan José Montoya, Vítor Matheus Soares Moraes, Patricia Moreira-Escriche, Xenia Morelos-Arnedo, Antonio Moreno‐Docón, Junior Moreno-Escalante, Víctor Moreno Cuerda, Alberto Moreno Fernández, Rubén Morilla, Patricia Muñoz García, Pablo Neira, Julián Nevado, Israel Nieto-Gañán, Joana F. R. Nunes, Rocío Núñez‐Torres, Antònia Obrador‐Hevia, Javier Gonzalo Ocejo-Vinyals, Virginia Olivar, Silviene Fabiana de Oliveira, Lorena Ondo, Alberto Órfão, Luis Ortega, Eva Ortega‐Paino, Fernando Ortiz-Flores, Rocio Ortı́z-López, José Antonio Oteo, Harry Pachajoa, Manuel Megías Pacheco, Fredy Javier Pacheco-Miranda, Irene Padilla Conejo, Sonia Panadero-Fajardo, Mara Parellada, Roberto Pariente, Estela Paz‐Artal, Germán Peces‐Barba, Miguel S. Pedromingo Kus, Celia Perales, Patricia Pérez, César Pérez, Gustavo Pérez-de-Nanclares, Felipe Pérez‐García, Patricia Pérez‐Matute, Alexandra Pérez‐Serra, María Elena Pérez-Tomás, Teresa Perucho, Lisbeth A. Pichardo, Susana M. T. Pinho, Mel·lina Pinsach‐Abuin, Luz Adriana Pinzón, Guillermo Pita, Francesc Pla‐Juncà, Laura Planas‐Serra, Ericka Nelly Pompa-Mera, Gloria Liliana Porras-Hurtado, Aurora Pujol, María Eugenia Quevedo Chávez, María Ángeles Quijada, Inés Quintela, Diana Ramírez‐Montaño, Soraya Ramiro León, Pedro Rascado Sedes, Delia Recalde, Emma Recio‐Fernández, Salvador Resino, Adriana P. Ribeiro, Carlos S. Rivadeneira-Chamorro, Diana Roa-Agudelo, Montserrat Robelo Pardo, Marilyn Johanna Rodriguez, Fernando Rodríguez‐Artalejo, Marena Rodríguez-Ferrer, Carlos Rodríguez‐Gallego, José A. Rodríguez‐García, M. A. C. Rodríguez-Hernández, Antonio Rodríguez-Nicolás, Agustí Rodríguez‐Palmero, Emilio Rodríguez‐Ruiz, Paula Andrea Rodríguez-Urrego, Belén Rodríguez Maya, German Ezequiel Rodriguez Novoa, Federico Rojo, Andrea Romero-Coronado, Filomeno Rondón García, Lídia S. Rosa, Antonio Rosales‐Castillo, Cladelis Rubio, María Rubio Olivera, Montserrat Ruíz, Francisco Ruiz‐Cabello, Eva Ruiz-Casares, Juan J. Ruiz-Cubillan, Javier Ruiz‐Hornillos, Pablo Ryan, Hector D. Salamanca, Lorena Salazar, Giorgina Gabriela Salgueiro Origlia, Pedro-Luis Sánchez, Clara Sánchez-Pablo, Olga Sánchez‐Pernaute, Antonio J. Sánchez López, María Concepción Sánchez Prados, Javier Sánchez Real, Jorge Sánchez Redondo, Cristina Sancho-Sainz, Anna Sangil, Arnoldo Santos, Ney Pereira Carneiro dos Santos, Agatha Schlüter, Sonia Segovia, Alex Serra-Llovich, Fernando Sevil Puras, Marta Sevilla Porras, Miguel A. Sicolo, Vivian Nogueira Silbiger, Nayara Sousa da Silva, Fabiola T. C. Silva, Cristina Silván Fuentes, Jordi Solé‐Violán, José Manuel Soria, José Vicente Sorlí, Renata R. Sousa, Juan Carlos Souto, Karla Simone Costa de Souza, Vanessa Silva Souza, John Jaime Sprockel Díaz, Jose Javier Suárez‐Rama, David Alfonso Suarez-Zamora, Xiana Taboada-Fraga, Eduardo Tamayo, Álvaro Tamayo-Velasco, Juan Carlos Taracido‐Fernández, Nathali A. C. Tavares, Carlos Henrique Casado Telleria, Jair Antonio Tenorio Castaño, Alejandro Teper, Juan Torres‐Macho, Lilian Torres-Tobar, Ronald P. Torres Gutiérrez, Jesús Troya, Miguel Urioste, Juan Valencia-Ramos, Agustín Valido, Juan Pablo Vargas Gallo, Belén Varón, Romero Henrique Teixeira Vasconcelos, Tomas F. Vega, Santiago Velasco-Quirce, Valentina Vélez-Santamaría, Virginia Víctor, Julia Vidán Estévez, Miriam Vieitez-Santiago, Carlos Vilches, Lavinia Villalobos, Felipe Villar, Judit Villar-García, Cristina Villaverde, Pablo Villoslada-Blanco, Ana Virseda‐Berdices, Zuleima Yáñez, Antonio Zapatero, Ruth Zárate, Sandra Zazo, Miguel López de Heredia, Ingrid Mendes, Rocío Díaz Moreno, Esther Sande, Pablo Daniel Lapunzina, Ángel Carracedo, ISARICC Investigators, Co-Investigators, Beatrice Alex, Petros Andrikopoulos, Benjamin Bach, William Barclay, Debby Bogaert, Meera A Chand, Kanta Chechi, Graham S. Cooke, Ana da Silva Filipe, Thushan I. de Silva, Annemarie Beth Docherty, Gonçalo dos Santos Correia, Marc‐Emmanuel Dumas, Jake W Dunning, Tom E. Fletcher, Christopher Aird Green, William Greenhalf, Julian Leether Griffin, Rishi K Gupta, Ewen Munro Harrison, Antonia Ying Wai Ho, Karl A. Holden, Peter Horby, Samreen Ijaz, Say Khoo, Paul Klenerman, Andrew Jiaxuan Law, Matthew S. Lewis, Sonia Liggi, Wei Shen Lim, Lynn Maslen, Alexander J. Mentzer, Laura Merson, Alison M. Meynert, Shona C. Moore, Mahdad Noursadeghi, Michael T. Olanipekun, Anthonia Osagie, Massimo Palmarini, Carlo Palmieri, William A. Paxton, Georgios Pollakis, Nicholas Price, Andrew Rambaut, David L. Robertson, Clark D Russell, Vanessa Sancho‐Shimizu, Caroline J. Sands, Janet T. Scott, Louise Sigfrid, Tom Solomon, Shiranee Sriskandan, David Ian Stuart, Olivia V. Swann, Zoltán Takáts, Panteleimon G. Takis, Richard S. Tedder, A. A. Roger Thompson, Emma C. Thomson, Ryan S. Thwaites, Lance C. W. Turtle, Maria Cristina Fleischmann Alves Zambon, Gail Carson, Data Analysis Team, Thomas M Drake, Cameron J. Fairfield, Stephen Richard Knight, Kenneth A McLean, Derek B. Murphy, Lisa Norman, Riinu Pius, Catherine A. Shaw, Data Architecture Team, Marie Connor, Jo Ann Dalton, Carrol L. Gamble, Michelle Girvan, Sophie Halpin, Janet Harrison, Clare Jackson, Laura Clare Marsh, Stephanie Roberts, Egle Saviciute, Susan Knight, Eva Lahnsteiner, Gary Leeming, Lucy Norris, James Scott-Brown, Sarah D. Tait, Murray Wham, Data Analysis and Management Team, James D. Lee, Daniel Plotkin, Seán Keating, Project Administration Team, Cara Donegan, Rebecca G. Spencer, Project Management Team, Chloe Donohue, Hayley E. Hardwick, The 23andMe COVID-19 Team, Janie F. Shelton, Anjali J. Shastri, Chelsea Ye, Catherine H. Weldon, Teresa Filshtein-Sonmez, Daniella Coker, Antony Symons, Jorge Esparza-Gordillo, Stella Aslibekyan, Adam Auton, Jian Yang, Chris Paul Ponting, James Fox Wilson, Véronique Vitart, Malak Abedalthagafi, Andre D. Luchessi, Esteban Juan Parra, Raquel Cruz, Ángel Carracedo, Angie Fawkes, Lee D. Murphy, Kathy Rowan, Alexandre C. Pereira, Andy S Law, Benjamin P. Fairfax, Sara Clohisey, J. Kenneth Baillie · 发表于：Nature · 年份：2023 · DOI：10.1038/s41586-023-06034-3 · 被引用次数：233 · 研究领域：interferon and immune responses、Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Disease、Diabetes and associated disorders

Abstract Critical illness in COVID-19 is an extreme and clinically homogeneous disease phenotype that we have previously shown 1 to be highly efficient for discovery of genetic associations 2 . Despite the advanced stage of illness at presentation, we have shown that host genetics in patients who are critically ill with COVID-19 can identify immunomodulatory therapies with strong beneficial effects in this group 3 . Here we analyse 24,202 cases of COVID-19 with critical illness comprising a combination of microarray genotype and whole-genome sequencing data from cases of critical illness in the international GenOMICC (11,440 cases) study, combined with other studies recruiting hospitalized patients with a strong focus on severe and critical disease: ISARIC4C (676 cases) and the SCOURGE consortium (5,934 cases). To put these results in the context of existing work, we conduct a meta-analysis of the new GenOMICC genome-wide association study (GWAS) results with previously published data. We find 49 genome-wide significant associations, of which 16 have not been reported previously. To investigate the therapeutic implications of these findings, we infer the structural consequences of protein-coding variants, and combine our GWAS results with gene expression data using a monocyte transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) model, as well as gene and protein expression using Mendelian randomization. We identify potentially druggable targets in multiple systems, including inflammat...