A techno-economic analysis of ammonia-fuelled powertrain systems for rail freight

作者：Yuqi Zhang, Ning Zhao, Mingqiang Li, Zhan Xu, Dawei Wu, Stuart Hillmansen, A. Tsolakis, Kevin Blacktop, Clive Roberts · 发表于：Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · 年份：2023 · DOI：10.1016/j.trd.2023.103739 · 被引用次数：22 · 研究领域：Fuel Cells and Related Materials、Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion、Advancements in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

All diesel-only trains in the UK will be removed from services by 2040. High volumetric density, rapid refuelling ability, and sophisticated experience in infrastructure and logistics make ammonia a perfect hydrogen carrying fuel for rail freight, which urgently requires an economically viable solution. This study conducted a novel techno-economic study of ammonia-fuelled fuel cell powertrains to be compared with current diesel engine-based system and emerging direct hydrogen-fuelled fuel cell system. The results demonstrate that hydrogen-fuelled Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) and ammonia-fuelled PEMFCs (using an ammonia cracker) are more cost-effective in terms of Levelized Cost of Electricity. The ammonia fuel storage requires 61.5-75 % less space compared to the hydrogen storage. Although the ammonia-fuelled Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) powertrain has the highest electricity generation efficiency (56%), the overall cost requires a major reduction by 70% before it could be considered as an economically viable solution.