Novel Computed-Tomography-Based Transformer Models for the Noninvasive Prediction of PD-1 in Pre-Operative Settings

作者：Yi Wei, Meiyi Yang, Lifeng Xu, Minghui Liu, Minghui Liu, Feng Zhang, Tianshu Xie, Xuan Cheng, Xiaomin Wang, Feng Che, Qian Li, Qing Xu, Zixing Huang, Ming Liu, Ming Liu · 发表于：Cancers · 年份：2023 · DOI：10.3390/cancers15030658 · 被引用次数：10 · 研究领域：Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging、Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers、Pancreatic and Hepatic Oncology Research

The expression status of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with the checkpoint blockade treatment responses of PD-1/PD-L1. Thus, accurately and preoperatively identifying the status of PD-1 has great clinical implications for constructing personalized treatment strategies. To investigate the preoperative predictive value of the transformer-based model for identifying the status of PD-1 expression, 93 HCC patients with 75 training cohorts (2859 images) and 18 testing cohorts (670 images) were included. We propose a transformer-based network architecture, ResTransNet, that efficiently employs convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and self-attention mechanisms to automatically acquire a persuasive feature to obtain a prediction score using a nonlinear classifier. The area under the curve, receiver operating characteristic curve, and decision curves were applied to evaluate the prediction model's performance. Then, Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were applied to evaluate the overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in PD-1-positive and PD-1-negative patients. The proposed transformer-based model obtained an accuracy of 88.2% with a sensitivity of 88.5%, a specificity of 88.9%, and an area under the curve of 91.1% in the testing cohort.