Predictors of Psychological Distress across Three Time Periods during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland

作者：Agata Chudzicka‐Czupała, Soon‐Kiat Chiang, Damian Grabowski, Marta Żywiołek‐Szeja, Matthew Quek, Bartosz Pudełek, Kayla M. Teopiz, Roger Ho, Roger S. McIntyre · 发表于：International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · 年份：2022 · DOI：10.3390/ijerph192215405 · 被引用次数：19 · 研究领域：COVID-19 and Mental Health、Long-Term Effects of COVID-19、Mental Health Research Topics

BACKGROUND: Since the onset of COVID-19, public health policies and public opinions changed from stringent preventive measures against spread of COVID-19 to policies accommodating life with continued, diminished risk for contracting COVID-19. Poland is a country that demonstrated severe psychological impact and negative mental health. The study aims to examine psychological impact and changes in levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among three cross-sectional samples of Polish people and COVID-19-related factors associated with adverse mental health. METHODS: In total, 2324 Polish persons participated in repeated cross-sectional studies across three surveys: Survey 1 (22 to 26 March 2020), Survey 2 (21 October to 3 December 2020), and Survey 3 (3 November to 10 December 2021). Participants completed an online survey, including Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), demographics, knowledge, and concerns of COVID-19 and precautionary measures. RESULTS: A significant reduction of IES-R scores was seen across surveys, while DASS-21 scores were significantly higher in Survey 2. There was significant reduction in the frequency of following COVID-19 news, recent COVID-19 testing, and home isolation from Survey 1 to 3. Being emale was significantly associated with higher IES-R and DASS-21 scores in Surveys 1 and 2. Student status was significantly associated with higher DASS-21 across surveys. Chills, myalgia, and fatigue were sig...