Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion

作者：Mohammad A. Alkhadra, Xiao Su, Matthew E. Suss, Huanhuan Tian, Eric N. Guyes, Amit N. Shocron, Kameron M. Conforti, J. Pedro de Souza, Nayeong Kim, Michele Tedesco, K. Khoiruddin, I Gede Wenten, Juan G. Santiago, T. Alan Hatton, Martin Z. Bazant · 发表于：Chemical Reviews · 年份：2022 · DOI：10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396 · 被引用次数：668 · 研究领域：Membrane-based Ion Separation Techniques、Membrane Separation Technologies、Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction

Agricultural development, extensive industrialization, and rapid growth of the global population have inadvertently been accompanied by environmental pollution. Water pollution is exacerbated by the decreasing ability of traditional treatment methods to comply with tightening environmental standards. This review provides a comprehensive description of the principles and applications of electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion. Electrochemical methods have attractive features such as compact size, chemical selectivity, broad applicability, and reduced generation of secondary waste. Perhaps the greatest advantage of electrochemical methods, however, is that they remove contaminants directly from the water, while other technologies extract the water from the contaminants, which enables efficient removal of trace pollutants. The review begins with an overview of conventional electrochemical methods, which drive chemical or physical transformations via Faradaic reactions at electrodes, and proceeds to a detailed examination of the two primary mechanisms by which contaminants are separated in nondestructive electrochemical processes, namely electrokinetics and electrosorption. In these sections, special attention is given to emerging methods, such as shock electrodialysis and Faradaic electrosorption. Given the importance of generating clean, renewable energy, which may sometimes be combined with water purification, the review also disc...