Ambient Air Pollution and Socioeconomic Status in China

作者：Yuzhou Wang, Yafeng Wang, Hao Xu, Yaohui Zhao, Julian Marshall · 发表于：Environmental Health Perspectives · 年份：2022 · DOI：10.1289/ehp9872 · 被引用次数：94 · 研究领域：Air Quality and Health Impacts、Environmental Justice and Health Disparities、Energy, Environment, Economic Growth

Background: Air pollution disparities by socioeconomic status (SES) are well documented for the United States, with most literature indicating an inverse relationship (i.e., higher concentrations for lower-SES populations). Few studies exist for China, a country accounting for 26% of global premature deaths from ambient air pollution. Objective: Our objective was to test the relationship between ambient air pollution exposures and SES in China. Methods: We combined estimated year 2015 annual-average ambient levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and fine particulate matter [PM ≤2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] with national demographic information. Pollution estimates were derived from a national empirical model for China at 1-km spatial resolution; demographic estimates were derived from national gridded gross national product (GDP) per capita at 1-km resolution, and (separately) a national representative sample of 21,095 individuals from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2015 cohort. Our use of global data on population density and cohort data on where people live helped avoid the spatial imprecision found in publicly available census data for China. We quantified air pollution disparities among individual’s rural-to-urban migration status; SES factors (education, occupation, and income); and minority status. We compared results using three approaches to SES measurement: individual SES score, community-averaged SES score, and gridded GDP per capita...