Nanoparticle classification, physicochemical properties, characterization, and applications: a comprehensive review for biologists

作者：Nadeem Joudeh, Dirk Linke · 发表于：Journal of Nanobiotechnology · 年份：2022 · DOI：10.1186/s12951-022-01477-8 · 被引用次数：1813 · 研究领域：Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications、Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery、Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications

Interest in nanomaterials and especially nanoparticles has exploded in the past decades primarily due to their novel or enhanced physical and chemical properties compared to bulk material. These extraordinary properties have created a multitude of innovative applications in the fields of medicine and pharma, electronics, agriculture, chemical catalysis, food industry, and many others. More recently, nanoparticles are also being synthesized 'biologically' through the use of plant- or microorganism-mediated processes, as an environmentally friendly alternative to the expensive, energy-intensive, and potentially toxic physical and chemical synthesis methods. This transdisciplinary approach to nanoparticle synthesis requires that biologists and biotechnologists understand and learn to use the complex methodology needed to properly characterize these processes. This review targets a bio-oriented audience and summarizes the physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles, and methods used for their characterization. It highlights why nanomaterials are different compared to micro- or bulk materials. We try to provide a comprehensive overview of the different classes of nanoparticles and their novel or enhanced physicochemical properties including mechanical, thermal, magnetic, electronic, optical, and catalytic properties. A comprehensive list of the common methods and techniques used for the characterization and analysis of these properties is presented together with a large list of e...