Mass testing and characterization of 20-inch PMTs for JUNO

作者：Angel Abusleme, Thomas Adam, S. Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmed, S. Aiello, M. Akram, Abid Aleem, Tsagkarakis Alexandros, Fengpeng An, Qi An, Giuseppe Andronico, Н. Анфимов, V. Antonelli, Tatiana Antoshkina, Burin Asavapibhop, J. P. A. M. de André, Didier Auguste, Weidong Bai, Nikita Balashov, W. Baldini, Andrea Barresi, D. Basilico, E. Baussan, Marco Bellato, Antonio Bergnoli, Thilo Birkenfeld, Sylvie Blin, David Blum, S.C. Blyth, Anastasia Bolshakova, M. Bongrand, Clément Bordereau, D. Breton, A. Brigatti, R. Brugnera, Riccardo Bruno, A. Budano, José Busto, Ilya Butorov, Anatael Cabrera, Barbara Caccianiga, Hao Cai, X. Cai, Yanke Cai, Zhiyan Cai, Riccardo Callegari, Antonio Cammi, Agustín Campeny, Chuanya Cao, Guofu Cao, Jun Cao, R. Caruso, C. Cerna, Chi Kuen Chan, J. F. Chang, Yun Chang, Guo-Ming Chen, Pingping Chen, Po-An Chen, Shaomin Chen, Xurong Chen, Yixue Chen, Yu Chen, Zhiyuan Chen, Zikang Chen, Jie Cheng, Yaping Cheng, Yu Cheng, Alexey Chetverikov, D. Chiesa, P. Chimenti, A. Chukanov, Gérard Claverie, Catia Clementi, Barbara Clerbaux, Marta Colomer Molla, Selma Conforti Di Lorenzo, Daniele Corti, F. Dal Corso, Olivia Dalager, C. De La Taille, Zhi Deng, Ziyan Deng, Wilfried Depnering, M. Fernández Díaz, Xuefeng Ding, Yayun Ding, Bayu Dirgantara, Sergey Dmitrievsky, Tadeáš Dohnal, Dmitry Dolzhikov, Georgy Donchenko, J. Dong, E. Doroshkevich, M. Dracos, Frédéric Druillole, Ran Du, Shuxian Du, S. Dusini, Martin Dvořák, T. Enqvist, Heike Enzmann, Andrea Fabbri, Donghua Fan, Lei Fan, J. Fang, Wenxing Fang, Marco Fargetta, Dmitry Fedoseev, Zhengyong Fei, Li-Cheng Feng, Qichun Feng, R. Ford, Amélie Fournier, Haonan Gan, Feng Gao, A. Garfagnini, Arsenii Gavrikov, Marco Giammarchi, Nunzio Giudice, M. Gonchar, G. Gong, Hui Gong, Y. Gornushkin, Alexandre Göttel, M. Grassi, Vasily Gromov, M. H. Gu, Xiaofei Gu, Y. T. Gu, Mengyun Guan, Yuduo Guan, Nunzio Guardone, Cong Guo, Jingyuan Guo, Wanlei Guo, Xin‐Heng Guo, Yuhang Guo, Paul Hackspacher, Caren Hagner, Ran Han, Yang Han, Miao He, Wei He, Tobias Heinz, Patrick Hellmuth, Y. K. Heng, Rafael Herrera, YuenKeung Hor, S. Hou, Y. Hsiung, Bei-Zhen Hu, H. Hu, Jianrun Hu, Jun Hu, Shouyang Hu, Tao Hu, Yuxiang Hu, Z. Hu, Guihong Huang, Han‐Xiong Huang, K. X. Huang, Wenhao Huang, Xin Huang, Xingtao Huang, Yongbo Huang, Jiaqi Hui, Lei Huo, Wenju Huo, Cédric Huss, Safeer Hussain, Ara Ioannisian, R. Isocrate, Beatrice Jelmini, Ignacio Jeria, X. L. Ji, Huihui Jia, Junji Jia, Siyu Jian, Di Jiang, Wei Jiang, Xiaoshan Jiang, Xiaoping Jing, C. Jollet, Jari Joutsenvaara, Leonidas Kalousis, Philipp Kampmann, Kang Li, Rebin Karaparambil, Narine Kazarian, Amina Khatun, Khanchai Khosonthongkee, Denis Korablev, Konstantin Kouzakov, Alexey Krasnoperov, Nikolay Kutovskiy, P. Kuusiniemi, Tobias Lachenmaier, Cecilia Landini, Sébastien Leblanc, Victor Lebrin, F. Lefèvre, Ruiting Lei, R. Leitner, Jason Leung, Daozheng Li, Demin Li, Li Fei, Fule Li, Gaosong Li, Hui-Ling Li, Mengzhao Li, Min Li, Nan Li, Nan Li, Qingjiang Li, Ruhui Li, Rui Li, Shanfeng Li, Tao Li, Teng Li, Weidong Li, Weiguo Li, Xiaomei Li, Xiaonan Li, Xinglong Li, Yi Li, Yufeng Li, Yufeng Li, Z. Li, Zhaohan Li, Zhibing Li, Ziyuan Li, Zonghai Li, Hao Liang, Hao Liang, Jiajun Liao, A. Limphirat, Guey-Lin Lin, Shengxin Lin, T. Lin, Jiajie Ling, I. Lippi, Fang Liu, Haidong Liu, Haotian Liu, H. Liu, Hongjuan Liu, Hongtao Liu, Hui Liu, Jianglai Liu, Jinchang Liu, Min Liu, Qian Liu, Qin Liu, Runxuan Liu, Shubin Liu, Shulin Liu, Xiaowei Liu, Xiwen Liu, Yan Liu, Yunzhe Liu, Alexey Lokhov, P. Lombardi, Claudio Lombardo, Kai Loo, Chuan Lu, Haoqi Lu, Jingbin Lu, J. S. Lu, Shuxiang Lu, Б. К. Лубсандоржиев, Sultim Lubsandorzhiev, L. Ludhová, Arslan Lukanov, Daibin Luo, Fengjiao Luo, Guang Luo, Shu Luo, W. Luo, Xiaojie Luo, Vladimir Lyashuk, Bangzheng Ma, Bing Ma, Qiumei Ma, Si Ma, Xiaoyan Ma, Xubo Ma, Jihane Maalmi, Jingyu Mai, Yury Malyshkin, Roberto Carlos Mandujano, Fabio Mantovani, Francesco Manzali, Xin Mao, Yajun Mao, Stefano Maria Mari, Filippo Marini, C. Martellini, G. Martin-Chassard, Agnese Martini, Matthias Mayer, Davit Mayilyan, Ints Mednieks, Yue Meng, A. Meregaglia, Emanuela Meroni, David Meyhöfer, M. Mezzetto, J. Miller, L. Miramonti, P. Montini, M. Montuschi, Axel Müller, M. Nastasi, Dmitry V. Naumov, E. Naumova, D. Navas-Nicolás, I. Nemchenok, Minh Thuan Nguyen Thi, Feipeng Ning, Zhe Ning, Hiroshi Nunokawa, Lothar Oberauer, J. P. Ochoa‐Ricoux, A. Olshevskiy, Domizia Orestano, F. Ortica, Rainer Othegraven, A. Paoloni, S. Parmeggiano, Yatian Pei, Luca Pelicci, N. Pelliccia, Anguo Peng, Haiping Peng, Yu Peng, Zhaoyuan Peng, F. Perrot, Pierre-Alexandre Petitjean, F. Petrucci, Oliver Pilarczyk, Luis Felipe Piñeres Rico, Artyom Popov, Pascal Poussot, E. Previtali, F. Z. Qi, Ming Qi, S. Qian, Xiaohui Qian, Z. Qian, Hao Qiao, Zhonghua Qin, Shoukang Qiu, G. Ranucci, N. Raper, A. Re, Henning Rebber, Abdel Rebii, M. Redchuk, Bin Ren, Jie Ren, Barbara Ricci, Mariam Rifai, Mathieu Roche, Narongkiat Rodphai, A. Romani, Bedřich Roskovec, Xichao Ruan, Arseniy Rybnikov, Andrey Sadovsky, P. Saggese, S. Sanfilippo, Anut Sangka, Utane Sawangwit, Julia Sawatzki, Michaela Schever, Cédric Schwab, Konstantin Schweizer, Alexandr Selyunin, Andrea Serafini, Giulio Settanta, M. Settimo, Zhuang Shao, Vladislav Sharov, Arina Shaydurova, Jingyan Shi, Yanan Shi, Vitaly Shutov, Andrey Sidorenkov, F. Šimkovic, C. Sirignano, Jaruchit Siripak, M. Sisti, M. Słupecki, Mikhail Smirnov, O. Smirnov, T. J. C. Bezerra, Sergey Sokolov, Julanan Songwadhana, Boonrucksar Soonthornthum, A. Sotnikov, Ondřej Šrámek, Warintorn Sreethawong, Achim Stahl, L. Stančo, Konstantin Stankevich, Dušan Štefánik, Hans Steiger, Jochen Steinmann, Tobias Sterr, Matthias Raphael Stock, Virginia Strati, Alexander Studenikin, Jun Su, Shifeng Sun, Xilei Sun, Y. Sun, Y. K. Sun, Zhengyang Sun, N. Suwonjandee, Michal Szelezniak, J. Tang, Qiang Tang, Quan Tang, X. Tang, Eric Theisen, Alexander Tietzsch, Igor Tkachev, Tomáš Tměj, Marco Danilo Claudio Torri, Konstantin Treskov, Andrea Triossi, Giancarlo Troni, W. H. Trzaska, C. Tuvé, Nikita Ushakov, Vadim Vedin, G. Verde, Maxim Vialkov, Benoit Viaud, Cornelius Moritz Vollbrecht, Cristina Volpe, K. von Sturm, V. Vorobel, Д. Воронин, L. Votano, Pablo Walker, Caishen Wang, Chung-Hsiang Wang, En Wang, Guoli Wang, Jian Wang, Jun Wang, Lu Wang, Meifen Wang, Meng Wang, Meng Wang, Ruiguang Wang, Siguang Wang, Wei Wang, Wei Wang, Wenshuai Wang, Xi Wang, Xiangyue Wang, Yangfu Wang, Yaoguang Wang, Yi Wang, Yi Wang, Y. F. Wang, Yuanqing Wang, Yuman Wang, Zhe Wang, Z. Wang, Zhimin Wang, Zongyi Wang, Apimook Watcharangkool, Wei Wei, Wei Wei, Wenlu Wei, Yadong Wei, Kaile Wen, Liangjian Wen, C. H. Wiebusch, Steven Chan-Fai Wong, Bjoern Wonsak, Diru Wu, Qun Wu, Zhi Wu, Michael Wurm, Jacques Wurtz, Christian Wysotzki, Yufei Xi, Dongmei Xia, Xiang Xiao, Xiaochuan Xie, Y. G. Xie, Zhangquan Xie, Zhao Xin, Zhi‐zhong Xing, Benda Xu, Cheng Xu, D. L. Xu, Fanrong Xu, Hangkun Xu, Jilei Xu, Jing Xu, M. Xu, Yin Xu, Yu Xu, Baojun Yan, Taylor Yan, Wenqi Yan, Xiongbo Yan, Yupeng Yan, Changgen Yang, Cheng-Feng Yang, Huan Yang, Jie Yang, Lei Yang, Xiaoyu Yang, Yifan Yang, Yifan Yang, Haifeng Yao, Jiaxuan Ye, Ziping Ye, Ziping Ye, F. Yermia, Na Yin, Z. You, Boxiang Yu, C. Y. Yu, Chunxu Yu, Hongzhao Yu, Miao Yu, Xianghui Yu, Zeyuan Yu, Zeyuan Yu, Cenxi Yuan, Chengzhuo Yuan, Ying Yuan, Zhenxiong Yuan, Bin Yue, Noman Zafar, Vitalii Zavadskyi, Shan Zeng, Tingxuan Zeng, Yuda Zeng, Liang Zhan, Aiqiang Zhang, Bin Zhang, Binting Zhang, Feiyang Zhang, Guoqing Zhang, Honghao Zhang, Jialiang Zhang, Jiawen Zhang, Jie Zhang, Jin Zhang, Jingbo Zhang, Jinnan Zhang, Mohan Zhang, Peng Zhang, Qingmin Zhang, Shiqi Zhang, Shu Zhang, Tao Zhang, Xiaomei Zhang, Xin Zhang, Xuantong Zhang, X. Zhang, Yinhong Zhang, Yiyu Zhang, Yongpeng Zhang, Y. Zhang, Yuanyuan Zhang, Yumei Zhang, Zhenyu Zhang, Zhijian Zhang, Fengyi Zhao, J. Zhao, Rong Zhao, Runze Zhao, Shujun Zhao, Dongqin Zheng, H. Zheng, Yangheng Zheng, Weirong Zhong, Jing Zhou, Li Zhou, Nan Zhou, Shun Zhou, Tong Zhou, Xiang Zhou, Jiang Zhu, Jingsen Zhu, Kangfu Zhu, Kejun Zhu, Zhihang Zhu, B. A. Zhuang, Honglin Zhuang, Liang Zong, J. H. Zou · 发表于：The European Physical Journal C · 年份：2022 · DOI：10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-11002-8 · 被引用次数：63 · 研究领域：Neutrino Physics Research、Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena、Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena

Abstract Main goal of the JUNO experiment is to determine the neutrino mass ordering using a 20 kt liquid-scintillator detector. Its key feature is an excellent energy resolution of at least 3% at 1 MeV, for which its instruments need to meet a certain quality and thus have to be fully characterized. More than 20,000 20-inch PMTs have been received and assessed by JUNO after a detailed testing program which began in 2017 and elapsed for about four years. Based on this mass characterization and a set of specific requirements, a good quality of all accepted PMTs could be ascertained. This paper presents the performed testing procedure with the designed testing systems as well as the statistical characteristics of all 20-inch PMTs intended to be used in the JUNO experiment, covering more than fifteen performance parameters including the photocathode uniformity. This constitutes the largest sample of 20-inch PMTs ever produced and studied in detail to date, i.e. 15,000 of the newly developed 20-inch MCP-PMTs from Northern Night Vision Technology Co. (NNVT) and 5000 of dynode PMTs from Hamamatsu Photonics K. K.(HPK).