Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy

作者：Yavar Shiravand, Faezeh Khodadadi, Seyyed Mohammad Amin Kashani, Seyed Reza Hosseini‐Fard, Shadi Hosseini, Habib Sadeghirad, Rahul Ladwa, Kenneth J. O’Byrne, Arutha Kulasinghe · 发表于：Current Oncology · 年份：2022 · DOI：10.3390/curroncol29050247 · 被引用次数：1360 · 研究领域：Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers、Pancreatic and Hepatic Oncology Research、CAR-T cell therapy research

The discovery of immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 represents a significant breakthrough in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, humanized monoclonal antibodies, targeting these immune checkpoint proteins have been utilized successfully in patients with metastatic melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck cancers and non-small lung cancer. The US FDA has successfully approved three different categories of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as PD-1 inhibitors (Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, and Cemiplimab), PDL-1 inhibitors (Atezolimumab, Durvalumab and Avelumab), and CTLA-4 inhibitor (Ipilimumab). Unfortunately, not all patients respond favourably to these drugs, highlighting the role of biomarkers such as Tumour mutation burden (TMB), PDL-1 expression, microbiome, hypoxia, interferon-γ, and ECM in predicting responses to ICIs-based immunotherapy. The current study aims to review the literature and updates on ICIs in cancer therapy.