Biogeography and systematics of Carex subgenus Uncinia (Cyperaceae): A unique radiation for the genus Carex in the Southern Hemisphere

作者：Pablo García‐Moro, Ana Otero, Carmen Benítez‐Benítez, Lucas Costa, Santiago Martín‐Bravo, Robert F. C. Naczi, Anton A. Reznicek, Eric H. Roalson, Julian R. Starr, Pedro Jiménez‐Mejías · 发表于：Taxon · 年份：2022 · DOI：10.1002/tax.12678 · 被引用次数：23 · 研究领域：Botany, Ecology, and Taxonomy Studies、Archaeology and Natural History、Plant and animal studies

Abstract Carex subg. Uncinia (Cyperaceae) constitutes one of six currently recognized Carex subgenera. This subgenus is mainly distributed on the American continent and in the Pacific region, and it is the only subgenus almost entirely absent from the Old World and primarily diversified in the Southern Hemisphere. It includes some of the few Carex species with clear epizoochoric traits: the representatives of C . sect. Uncinia possess utricles with an exserted and hooked rachilla that allows the diaspores to attach to feather or hair. We performed phylogenetic (ITS, ETS‐1f, matK ), biogeographic, and ancestral state reconstruction analyses to elucidate the systematic structure, origin and dispersal routes, and major morphological evolutionary patterns of the different lineages within the subgenus. Our phylogenetic reconstructions revealed that the subgenus comprises seven different clades that mostly match previously recognized sections. One of the clades, however, represents a new section described herein as C . sect. Wheelerianae . Unispicate lineages evolved repeatedly from ancestors bearing multispicate inflorescences, while the presence of a rachilla, often pictured as a plesiomorphy in Carex , seems to have developed four independent times in the evolution of C . subg. Uncinia . The origin of the subgenus dates back to the beginning of the Miocene, probably in North America from where it colonized the Southern Hemisphere. It first dispersed to South America during the E...