Pharmaceutical pollution of the world’s rivers

作者：John L. Wilkinson, Alistair B. A. Boxall, Dana W. Kolpin, Kmy Leung, Racliffe Weng Seng Lai, Cristóbal J. Galbán-Malagón, Aiko D. Adell, Julie A. Mondon, Marc Métian, Rob Marchant, Alejandra Bouzas‐Monroy, Aida Cuní‐Sanchez, Anja Coors, Pedro Carriquiriborde, Macarena Rojo, Christopher J. Gordon, Magdalena Cara, Monique Moermond, Thais Luarte, Vahagn Petrosyan, Yekaterina Perikhanyan, Clare S. Mahon, Christopher J. McGurk, Thilo Hofmann, Tapos Kormoker, Volga Iñiguez, Jessica Guzman-Otazo, Jean Leite Tavares, Francisco Gildasio De Figueiredo, María Tereza Pepe Razzolini, Victorien Tamègnon Dougnon, Gildas Gbaguidi, Oumar Diandjo TRAORE, Jules M. Blais, Linda E. Kimpe, Michelle Wong, Donald Wong, Romaric Ntchantcho, Jaime Pizarro, Guang‐Guo Ying, Chang-Er Chen, Martha Isabel Páez-Melo, Jina M. Martínez-Lara, Jean‐Paul Otamonga, John W Poté, Suspense A. Ifo, Penelope Wilson, Silvia Echeverría-Sáenz, Nikolina Udiković‐Kolić, Milena Milaković, Despo Fatta‐Kassinos, Lida Ioannou‐Ttofa, Vladimíra Belušová, Jan Vymazal, María Cárdenas-Bustamante, Bayable A. Kassa, Jeanne Garric, Arnaud Chaumot, Peter Gibba, Ilia O. Kunchulia, Sven Seidensticker, Gérasimos Lyberatos, Halldór Pálmar Halldórsson, Molly Melling, Shashidhar Thatikonda, Manisha Lamba, Anindrya Nastiti, Adee Supriatin, Nima Pourang, Ali Abedini, Omar Yassen Abdullah, Salem S. Gharbia, Francesco Pilla, Benny Chefetz, Tom Topaz, Koffi Marcellin Yao, Bakhyt Aubakirova, Raikhan Beisenova, Lydia A. Olaka, Jemimah K. Mulu, Peter Chatanga, Victor Ntuli, Nathaniel T. Blama, Sheck Sherif, Ahmad Zaharin Aris, Ley Juen Looi, Mahamoudane Niang, Seydou T. Traore, Rik Oldenkamp, Olatayo Michael Adetayo Ogunbanwo, Muhammad Areeb Ashfaq, Muhammad Iqbal, Ziad Abdeen, Aaron O’Dea, Jorge Manuel Morales‐Saldaña, MARIA FARME D AMOED CUSTODIO, Heidi De la Cruz, Ian Ausa Navarrete, Fábio Carvalho, Alhaji Brima Gogra, Bashiru M. Koroma, Vesna Cerkvenik‐Flajs, Mitja Gombač, Melusi Thwala, Kyungho Choi, Habyeong Kang, John Leju Celestino Ladu, Andreu Rico, Priyanie Amerasinghe, Anna Sobek, Gisela Horlitz, Armin K. Zenker, Alex C. King, Jheng‐Jie Jiang, Rebecca W. Kariuki, Madaka Harold Tumbo, Ulaş Tezel, Turgut Tüzün Onay, Julius Bunny Lejju, Yuliya Vystavna, Yuriy Vergeles, Horácio Heinzen, Andrés Pérez Parada, Douglas B. Sims, Maritza Figy, David A. Good, Charles Teta · 发表于：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · 年份：2022 · DOI：10.1073/pnas.2113947119 · 被引用次数：1632 · 研究领域：Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts、Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques、Biosensors and Analytical Detection

Environmental exposure to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can have negative effects on the health of ecosystems and humans. While numerous studies have monitored APIs in rivers, these employ different analytical methods, measure different APIs, and have ignored many of the countries of the world. This makes it difficult to quantify the scale of the problem from a global perspective. Furthermore, comparison of the existing data, generated for different studies/regions/continents, is challenging due to the vast differences between the analytical methodologies employed. Here, we present a global-scale study of API pollution in 258 of the world's rivers, representing the environmental influence of 471.4 million people across 137 geographic regions. Samples were obtained from 1,052 locations in 104 countries (representing all continents and 36 countries not previously studied for API contamination) and analyzed for 61 APIs. Highest cumulative API concentrations were observed in sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and South America. The most contaminated sites were in low- to middle-income countries and were associated with areas with poor wastewater and waste management infrastructure and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The most frequently detected APIs were carbamazepine, metformin, and caffeine (a compound also arising from lifestyle use), which were detected at over half of the sites monitored. Concentrations of at least one API at 25.7% of the sampling sites were greater th...