Marine conservation beyond MPAs: Towards the recognition of other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) in Indonesia

作者：ESTRADIVARI ESTRADIVARI, Muh. Firdaus Agung, Dedi Supriadi Adhuri, Sebastian C. A. Ferse, Ita Sualia, Dominic A. Andradi‐Brown, Stuart Campbell, Mohamad Iqbal, Harry D. Jonas, Muhammad Erdi Lazuardi, Hellen Nanlohy, Fitryanti Pakiding, Ni Kadek Sri Pusparini, Hikmah C. Ramadhana, Toni Ruchimat, I Wayan Veda Santiadji, Natelda R Timisela, Laura Veverka, Gabby N. Ahmadia · 发表于：Marine Policy · 年份：2022 · DOI：10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104939 · 被引用次数：78 · 研究领域：Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies、International Maritime Law Issues、Marine and Coastal Ecosystems

In a marine environment that is rapidly changing due to anthropogenic activities and climate change, area-based management tools are often used to mitigate threats and conserve biodiversity. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are amongst the most widespread and recognized marine conservation tools worldwide, however, MPAs alone are inadequate to address the environmental crisis. The promotion of other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) under draft Target 3 of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, i.e., conserving 30% of marine areas by 2030, holds promise to acknowledge sites and practices occurring beyond MPAs that contribute to conservation. Here, we evaluate the potential recognition of OECMs into Indonesia's national policy framework on marine resource management and provide the first-ever overview of distribution and types of potential marine OECMs in Indonesia, including a review of the existing evidence on conservation effectiveness. We identified > 390 potential marine OECMs, led by government, customary and local communities, or the private sector, towards diverse management objectives, including habitat protection, traditional/customary management, fisheries, tourism, or other purposes. While some evidence exists regarding the conservation effectiveness of these practices, the long-term impacts on biodiversity of all potential marine OECMs in Indonesia are unknown. Many OECM elements have been included in several national policies, yet there are no...