Complete chloroplast genome of Hordeum brevisubulatum: Genome organization, synonymous codon usage, phylogenetic relationships, and comparative structure analysis

作者：Guangxin Cui, Chunmei Wang, Xiaoxing Wei, Hongbo Wang, Xiaoli Wang, Xinqiang Zhu, Jinhua Li, Hongshan Yang, Huirong Duan · 发表于：PLoS ONE · 年份：2021 · DOI：10.1371/journal.pone.0261196 · 被引用次数：26 · 研究领域：Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies、Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms、Genome Rearrangement Algorithms

BACKGROUND: Hordeum brevisubulatum, known as fine perennial forage, is used for soil salinity improvement in northern China. Chloroplast (cp) genome is an ideal model for assessing its genome evolution and the phylogenetic relationships. We de novo sequenced and analyzed the cp genome of H. brevisubulatum, providing a fundamental reference for further studies in genetics and molecular breeding. RESULTS: The cp genome of H. brevisubulatum was 137,155 bp in length with a typical quadripartite structure. A total of 130 functional genes were annotated and the gene of accD was lost in the process of evolution. Among all the annotated genes, 16 different genes harbored introns and the genes of ycf3 and rps12 contained two introns. Parity rule 2 (PR2) plot analysis showed that majority of genes had a bias toward T over A in the coding strand in all five Hordeum species, and a slight G over C in the other four Hordeum species except for H. bogdanil. Additionally, 52 dispersed repeat sequences and 182 simple sequence repeats were identified. Moreover, some unique SSRs of each species could be used as molecular markers for further study. Compared to the other four Hordeum species, H. brevisubulatum was most closely related to H. bogdanii and its cp genome was relatively conserved. Moreover, inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) were less divergent than other parts and coding regions were relatively conserved compared to non-coding regions. Main divergence was presented at the SSC/IR bo...