The immune microenvironment in cartilage injury and repair

作者：Muzhe Li, Han Yin, Zineng Yan, Huiyun Li, Jiang Wu, Yue Wang, Wei Fu, Guangzhao Tian, Chao Ning, Hao Li, Cangjian Gao, Liwei Fu, Shuangpeng Jiang, Mingxue Chen, Xiang Sui, Shuyun Liu, Zhiwei Chen, Quanyi Guo · 发表于：Acta Biomaterialia · 年份：2021 · DOI：10.1016/j.actbio.2021.12.006 · 被引用次数：405 · 研究领域：Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms、Immune Response and Inflammation、Immune cells in cancer

The ability of articular cartilage to repair itself is limited because it lacks blood vessels, nerves, and lymph tissue. Once damaged, it can lead to joint swelling and pain, accelerating the progression of osteoarthritis. To date, complete regeneration of hyaline cartilage exhibiting mechanical properties remains an elusive goal, despite the many available technologies. The inflammatory milieu created by cartilage damage is critical for chondrocyte death and hypertrophy, extracellular matrix breakdown, ectopic bone formation, and progression of cartilage injury to osteoarthritis. In the inflammatory microenvironment, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) undergo aberrant differentiation, and chondrocytes begin to convert or dedifferentiate into cells with a fibroblast phenotype, thereby resulting in fibrocartilage with poor mechanical qualities. All these factors suggest that inflammatory problems may be a major stumbling block to cartilage repair. To produce a milieu conducive to cartilage repair, multi-dimensional management of the joint inflammatory microenvironment in place and time is required. Therefore, this calls for elucidation of the immune microenvironment of cartilage repair after injury. This review provides a brief overview of: (1) the pathogenesis of cartilage injury; (2) immune cells in cartilage injury and repair; (3) effects of inflammatory cytokines on cartilage repair; (4) clinical strategies for treating cartilage defects; and (5) strategies for targeted immunor...