DIII-D research advancing the physics basis for optimizing the tokamak approach to fusion energy

作者：M.E. Fenstermacher, Joseph Abbate, Shota Abe, T. Abrams, Mark Adams, Bo Adamson, N. Aiba, T. Akiyama, P. Aleynikov, Elizabeth K. Allen, S. L. Allen, H. Anand, James P. Anderson, Y. Andrew, T.K. Jr. Andrews, D. Appelt, Ryan Arbon, N. Ashikawa, Arash Ashourvan, M. Aslin, Y. P. Asnis, Max Austin, David Ayala, J.G. Bak, I. Bandyopadhyay, Santanu Banerjee, K. Barada, L. Bardóczi, J.L. Barr, E.M. Bass, D. J. Battaglia, A. Battey, W. Baumgartner, L. Baylor, J. Beckers, Matthew Beidler, E. A. Belli, J.W. Berkery, T. N. Bernard, N. Bertelli, M. Beurskens, R. Bielajew, S. A. Bilgili, Bodhi Biswas, Sophie Blondel, J.A. Boedo, I. N. Bogatu, R. L. Boivin, T. Bolzonella, M.W. Bongard, X. Bonnin, P. T. Bonoli, Matteo Bonotto, A. Bortolon, Sayak Bose, Nicolas Bosviel, Sim Bouwmans, Mark D. Boyer, W. Boyes, L. P. Bradley, R. Brambila, D. P. Brennan, Stefan Bringuier, Lisa Brodsky, M. W. Brookman, J.N. Brooks, D. L. Brower, G. V. Brown, W. Ted Brown, M.G. Burke, Kh Burrell, K. Butler, R. J. Buttery, I. Bykov, P.J. Byrne, A. Cacheris, Kyle Callahan, J. D. Callen, G.L. Campbell, J. Candy, J.M. Canik, P. Cano-Megias, N.M. Cao, Loukas Carayannopoulos, T. Carlstrom, W. Carrig, T. Carter, W.P. Cary, L. Casali, M. Cengher, Gil Paz, Ryan Chaban, V. S. Chan, B. H. Chapman, I. Char, Aparajeo Chattopadhyay, R. Chen, J. Chen, Xi Chen, X. Chen, J. Chen, M. Chen, J. Chen, Z. Chen, M. Choi, W. Choi, G. J. Choi, L. Chousal, C. Chrobak, C. Chrystal, Yang Geun Chung, R.M. Churchill, M. Cianciosa, Jerry D. Clark, M. Clément, S. Coda, A.J. Cole, C. Collins, William Conlin, W.A. Cooper, Jacob Cordell, Bruno Coriton, T. Cote, J. Cothran, A. J. Creely, N. A. Crocker, C. Crowe, B.J.B. Crowley, T. P. Crowley, D. J. Cruz-Zabala, David B. Cummings, M. Curie, Davide Curreli, A. Dal Molin, B. Dannels, A. Dautt-Silva, K. Davda, G. De Tommasi, P. de Vries, Genevieve DeGrandchamp, J.S. deGrassie, D. R. Demers, S. S. Denk, S Depasquale, Earl William DeShazer, A. Diallo, S. J. Diem, A. M. Dimits, Rui Ding, S. Ding, W. X. Ding, Thi-Nga Do, J.L. Doane, G. Dong, David Donovan, J. F. Drake, W. Drews, Jon Drobny, Xiaodi Du, Hua Du, V. N. Duarte, Daniel Dudt, Carmen B. Dunn, Jonah Duran, Andrew Dvorak, F. Effenberg, N.W. Eidietis, D. Elder, D. Eldon, R. Ellis, Wael Elwasif, D.A. Ennis, Keith Erickson, D. R. Ernst, M. Fasciana, Д. В. Федоров, Eliot Feibush, N.M. Ferraro, J. Ferreira, J.R. Ferron, P. J. Fimognari, D. F. Finkenthal, Richard Fitzpatrick, P. Fox, W. Fox, L. Frassinetti, H. Frerichs, Hayden Frye, Yuwei Fu, K. Gage, J. Galdón-Quiroga, A. Gallo, Q. D. Gao, A. Garcia, M. García-Muñoz, D. Garnier, A. M. Garofalo, Anthony Gattuso, D. Geng, K. Gentle, Debojyoti Ghosh, L. Giacomelli, S. Gibson, E.P. Gilson, C. Giroud, F. Glass, A. Glasser, D. Glibert, P. Gohil, R. G. Gomez, S. Gomez, Xianzu Gong, Eileen C. Gonzales, Aaron Goodman, Yu. A. Gorelov, Vincent Graber, R.S. Granetz, Travis Gray, D. Green, C. M. Greenfield, M. Greenwald, B. A. Grierson, R. J. Groebner, W. Grosnickle, M. Groth, H.J. Grunloh, S. Gu, Wenfeng Guo, Huan Guo, P. S. Damodara Gupta, J. Guterl, W. Guttenfelder, T.J. Guzman, S. Haar, R. Hager, S.H. Hahn, M. Halfmoon, Tony Hall, K. Hallatschek, Federico David Halpern, G. W. Hammett, Hyunsun Han, E.C. Hansen, C. Hansen, M. Hansink, J.M. Hanson, Michael O. Hanson, Guangzhou Hao, A. Harris, R. W. Harvey, S. R. Haskey, Ehab Hassan, A. Hassanein, D. R. Hatch, R.J. Hawryluk, W.H.J. Hayashi, W. W. Heidbrink, J. L. Herfindal, J. Hicok, D. N. Hill, E.T. Hinson, C. T. Holcomb, L. Holland, C. Holland, E.M. Hollmann, J. Hollocombe, A. Holm, I. Holmes, K.L. Holtrop, M. Honda, R. Hong, Ryan Hood, A. Horton, L. Horváth, M. Hosokawa, Saeid Houshmandyar, N. T. Howard, E. C. Howell, D. Hoyt, Wenhui Hu, Y. Hu, Qiming Hu, J. Huang, Y. H. Huang, J. W. Hughes, T. Human, Daniel Lewis Humphreys, P. Huynh, A.W. Hyatt, C. Ibanez, Lander Ibarra, R. Icasas, K. Ida, V. Igochine, Y. In, Shizuo Inoue, A. Isayama, Olivier Izacard, V.A. Izzo, William Henry Jackson, Geraldine Jacobsen, A.E. Jaervinen, Azarakhsh Jalalvand, J. Janhunen, S.C. Jardin, H. Järleblad, Y.M. Jeon, Hantao Ji, Xiang Jian, E. Joffrin, A. Johansen, C. A. Johnson, T. Johnson, Christopher S. Jones, I. Joseph, D. Jubas, Benjamin Junge, W. Kalb, R. Kalling, Chandrika Kamath, Jisung Kang, David H. Kaplan, Alan A. Kaptanoglu, Stephen Kasdorf, Julian Kates‐Harbeck, P. V. Kazantzidis, A.G. Kellman, D.H. Kellman, C. Kessel, Kenneth Khumthong, Eun‐jin Kim, H. Kim, J. Kim, S. Kim, J. Kim, H. Kim, K. Kim, C. Kim, W. D. Kimura, M. King, J.D. King, J. E. Kinsey, A. Kirk, Bora Kiyan, A. Kleiner, V. Klevarová, Rachel Knapp, M. Knölker, W.H. Ko, T. Kobayashi, E.E. Koch, M. Kochan, Bruce E. Koel, M. E. Koepke, A. Köhn, Robert Kolasinski, Egemen Kolemen, Evdokiya Kostadinova, Mark Kostuk, G. Krämer, D. M. Kriete, L. Kripner, S. Kubota, James Kulchar, K.H. Kwon, R. La Haye, F. M. Laggner, H. Lan, R. Lantsov, L. L. Lao, Ane Lasa Esquisabel, C.J. Lasnier, C. Lau, B. Leard, J. Lee, R. Lee, M. Lee, M. Lee, Y. Lee, Chanseul Lee, J. Lee, S. Lee, M. Lehnen, A.W. Leonard, E. Leppink, M. LeSher, Jeff Lestz, J.A. Leuer, N. Leuthold, X. Li, K. Li, E. Li, G. Li, Lujie Li, Z. Li, J. Li, Yan Li, Zhifang Lin, D. Lin, X. Liu, Jian Liu, Y. Liu, T. Liu, Y. Liu, C. Liu, Zheng-Wei Liu, C. Liu, D. Liu, Amelia I. Liu, D. Liu, A. Loarte-Prieto, L.L. LoDestro, N.C. Logan, J. Lohr, B. Lombardo, J. Lore, Q. Luan, T.C. Luce, T. Luda, Neville C. Luhmann, R. Lunsford, Zhengping Luo, A. Lvovskiy, B. C. Lyons, X. Ma, M. Madruga, B. Madsen, C. Maggi, Kush Maheshwari, A. Mail, J. Mailloux, R. Maingi, M. Major, M. Makowski, R. Manchanda, C. Marini, A. Marinoni, Assimo Maris, T. Markovič, L. Marrelli, E. H. Martin, J. Mateja, G. Matsunaga, R. Maurizio, P.S. Mauzey, D. Mauzey, G. McArdle, J. McClenaghan, K.J. McCollam, Christopher J. McDevitt, Kiera McKay, G. R. McKee, A.G. McLean, Vedant Mehta, Eric Meier, J. Ménard, O. Meneghini, G. Merlo, Sarah Messer, William H. Meyer, C. Michael, Craig Michoski, P.G. Milne, G. Minet, A. Misleh, Yu. V. Mitrishkin, Charles Moeller, Kevin Montes, M. Morales, S. Mordijck, D. Moreau, Shira Morosohk, P.F. Morris, L. A. Morton, Auna Moser, R. A. Moyer, Cody Moynihan, T. Mrazkova, D. Mueller, S. Munaretto, J. M. Muñoz Burgos, C. Murphy, K. R. Murphy, C. M. Muscatello, C. E. Myers, A. Nagy, Giridhar Nandipati, M. Navarro, M. F. F. Nave, G. A. Navratil, R. Nazikian, Anton Neff, G. H. Neilson, Tom Neiser, W. Neiswanger, D. Nelson, A. Nelson, F. Nespoli, R. Nguyen, L. Nguyen, X. Nguyen, J.H. Nichols, M. Nocente, S.H. Nogami, S. Noraky, Nikolai Norausky, M. D. Nornberg, R.E. Nygren, T. Odstrčil, Destinee R. Ogas, T. O’Gorman, S. Ohdachi, Y. Ohtani, M. Okabayashi, M. Okamoto, L. Olavson, Erik Olofsson, M. O’Mullane, R.C. O’Neill, D.M. Orlov, W.J. Orvis, T.H. Osborne, D. C. Pace, G. P. Canal, André Martinez, Luisa Palacios, Changhao Pan, Qingjiang Pan, Rishi Pandit, M. D. Pandya, A.Y. Pankin, Y. Park, J. Park, J. Park, Scott Parker, P. B. Parks, Matthew Parsons, B. Patel, C. Pawley, C. Paz-Soldan, W. A. Peebles, S. Pelton, R. Perillo, C. C. Petty, Y. Peysson, Dylan Pierce, A.Yu. Pigarov, L. Pigatto, D.A. Piglowski, S. D. Pinches, R. I. Pinsker, P. Piovesan, Nicholas Piper, A. Pironti, R.A. Pitts, J. Pizzo, U. Plank, M. Podestá, E. Poli, F. M. Poli, D. Ponce, Ž. Popović, M. Porkoláb, G. D. Porter, Christopher M. Powers, S. Powers, R. Prater, Quinn Pratt, István Pusztai, J.P. Qian, Xijie Qin, Ookjoo Ra, T. Rafiq, T. Raines, R. Raman, J. Rauch, A. Raymond, Cristina Rea, M. Reich, A. Reiman, S. Reinhold, M.L. Reinke, R. Reksoatmodjo, Q. Ren, Y. Ren, Jun Ren, M. E. Rensink, J. Renteria, T.L. Rhodes, James K. Rice, Richard B. Roberts, J. Robinson, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, T.D. Rognlien, A. Rosenthal, Stefano Rosiello, J. C. Rost, J.J. Roveto, W. L. Rowan, R. Rozenblat, J. Ruane, D.L. Rudakov, Juan Ruiz Ruiz, R. Rupani, S. Saarelma, S.A. Sabbagh, Jai Sachdev, J. J. Sáenz, S. M. Saib, M. Salewski, Ari Salmi, B. Sammuli, C.M. Samuell, A. M. Sandorfi, Chaofeng Sang, J. S. Sarff, O. Sauter, K.M. Schaubel, L. Schmitz, O. Schmitz, J. Schneider, P. Schroeder, K. Schultz, Eugenio Schuster, J. Schwartz, F. Sciortino, F. Scotti, J. T. Scoville, Andrew Seltzman, S.Y. Seol, I. Sfiligoi, M.W. Shafer, S. E. Sharapov, H. Shen, Zhicai Sheng, T. D. Shepard, Shanshuang Shi, Y. Shibata, Giwook Shin, D. Shiraki, Ricardo Shousha, Hang Si, P. Simmerling, G. Sinclair, J. Sinha, P. Sinha, G. Sips, T. Sizyuk, Charles Skinner, A. Sladkomedova, T. Slendebroek, J.H. Slief, R.D. Smirnov, John P. Smith, S. Smith, D. R. Smith, J. Snipes, G. Snoep, Alan M. Snyder, P.B. Snyder, E.R. Solano, W.M. Solomon, Junhyuk Song, A.C. Sontag, V. Soukhanovskii, J. Spendlove, D. A. Spong, Jared Squire, Chiranth Srinivasan, Weston M. Stacey, G. M. Staebler, L. Stagner, T. Stange, P.C. Stangeby, R. Tavzes J. Stefan, R. Stemprok, D. Stephan, J. Stillerman, T. Stoltzfus-Dueck, W. Stonecipher, Stephen Storment, E. J. Strait, David Su, L. Sugiyama, Youwen Sun, P. J. Sun, Zhen Sun, A.P. Sun, D. Sundstrom, C. Sung, J. Sungcoco, W. Suttrop, Yasuo Suzuki, Tsuyoshi SUZUKI, Alexey Svyatkovskiy, Colin Swee, R. Sweeney, C. Sweetnam, G. Szepesi, M. Takechi, T. Tala, K. Tanaka, Xian-Zhu Tang, S. P. Tang, Y. Tao, Rumao Tao, D. Taussig, T. S. Taylor, K. Teixeira, Katrina Teo, Audun Theodorsen, D. M. Thomas, K. E. Thome, A. Thorman, A. Thornton, Ang Ti, M. S. Tillack, N. N. Timchenko, R. A. Tinguely, Robert C. Tompkins, J.F. Tooker, A. Torrezan de Sousa, G. Trevisan, Sudhir Tripathi, A. Trujillo Ochoa, Dinh Truong, C.K. Tsui, F. Turco, A. Turnbull, M. Umansky, E.A. Unterberg, Payam Vaezi, P. J. Vail, J. Valdez, W. Valkis, B. Van Compernolle, J. Van Galen, R. van Kampen, M. A. Van Zeeland, Geert Verdoolaege, N. Vianello, B.S. Victor, E. Viezzer, S. Vincena, M. R. Wade, F. L. Waelbroeck, J. Wai, T. Wakatsuki, M.L. Walker, G. M. Wallace, R. E. Waltz, W.R. Wampler, Liang Wang, Huiqian Wang, Y. Wang, Huiqian Wang, Z. Wang, Huiqian Wang, Z. Wang, Y. Wang, G. Wang, S. J. Ward, M.L. Watkins, J.G. Watkins, W Wehner, Yana Wei, M. Weiland, David B. Weisberg, A.S. Welander, A. E. White, R. B. White, S. Wiesen, R.S. Wilcox, T. M. Wilks, M. Willensdorfer, H. R. Wilson, A. Wingen, M. Wolde, Michael S Wolff, Kevin B. Woller, Anna Wolz, H. Vernon Wong, S. Woodruff, M.F. Wu, Y.B. Wu, S.J. Wukitch, G. A. Wurden, W. W. Xiao, Ruifeng Xie, Z. A. Xing, X. Q. Xu, Chi Xu, Guosheng Xu, Z. Yan, Xu Yang, S.M. Yang, Tetsuya Yokoyama, R. Yoneda, M. Yoshida, K.-I. You, Tim Younkin, J.H. Yu, Minghai Yu, G. Yu, Qiping Yuan, L. Zaidenberg, L. Zakharov, A. Zamengo, Shawn Zamperini, M. C. Zarnstorff, Emi Zeger, K. Zeller, L. Zeng, M. Zerbini, L. Zhang, X. Zhang, R. Zhang, B. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, Liping Zhao, Bingzhe Zhao, Yuan Zheng, Linjin Zheng, Ben Zhu, Jizhao Zhu, Yiren Zhu, Yiren Zhu, M. Zsutty, M. Zuin · 发表于：Nuclear Fusion · 年份：2021 · DOI：10.1088/1741-4326/ac2ff2 · 被引用次数：36 · 研究领域：Magnetic confinement fusion research、Fusion materials and technologies、Superconducting Materials and Applications

Abstract DIII-D physics research addresses critical challenges for the operation of ITER and the next generation of fusion energy devices. This is done through a focus on innovations to provide solutions for high performance long pulse operation, coupled with fundamental plasma physics understanding and model validation, to drive scenario development by integrating high performance core and boundary plasmas. Substantial increases in off-axis current drive efficiency from an innovative top launch system for EC power, and in pressure broadening for Alfven eigenmode control from a co-/counter- I p steerable off-axis neutral beam, all improve the prospects for optimization of future long pulse/steady state high performance tokamak operation. Fundamental studies into the modes that drive the evolution of the pedestal pressure profile and electron vs ion heat flux validate predictive models of pedestal recovery after ELMs. Understanding the physics mechanisms of ELM control and density pumpout by 3D magnetic perturbation fields leads to confident predictions for ITER and future devices. Validated modeling of high- Z shattered pellet injection for disruption mitigation, runaway electron dissipation, and techniques for disruption prediction and avoidance including machine learning, give confidence in handling disruptivity for future devices. For the non-nuclear phase of ITER, two actuators are identified to lower the L–H threshold power in hydrogen plasmas. With this physics understa...