p -Phenylenediamine Antioxidants in PM 2.5 : The Underestimated Urban Air Pollutants

作者：Yanhao Zhang, Caihong Xu, Wenfen Zhang, Zenghua Qi, Yuanyuan Song, Lin Zhu, Chuan Dong, Jianmin Chen, Zongwei Cai · 发表于：Environmental Science & Technology · 年份：2021 · DOI：10.1021/acs.est.1c04500 · 被引用次数：224 · 研究领域：Air Quality and Health Impacts、Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact、Microplastics and Plastic Pollution

The wide use and continuous abrasion of rubber-related products appears to be leading to an incredible release of p- phenylenediamine (PPD) antioxidants in the environment. However, no related research has been conducted on the pollution characteristics and potential health risks of PM 2.5 -bound PPDs. We report for the first time the ubiquitous distributions of six emerging PPDs and a quinone derivative, N -(1,3-dimethylbutyl)- N ′-phenyl- p -phenylenediamine quinone (6PPDQ), in PM 2.5 from urban areas of China. Atmospheric contamination levels of PM 2.5 -bound PPDs were found to be mostly in pg m –3 amounts between 2018 and 2019. Urban vehicle rubber tire abrasion was found to probably contribute to the PPDs in PM 2.5 and accounted for their significant spatiotemporal-dependent concentration variations. Furthermore, 6PPDQ, an emerging oxidation product of 6PPD in the environment, was first quantified (pg m –3 ) with a total detection rate of 81% in the urban PM 2.5, demonstrating its broad existence. On the basis of the determined ambient concentrations, the annual intakes of PPDs and 6PPDQ for adults were not low, indicating their possible human health risks induced by long-term exposure. This study confirms the widespread occurrence of PPDs and 6PPDQ in PM 2.5, showing that the pollution of such compounds in urban air should not be underestimated.