Design and Testing of the Front-End Electronics of WCDA in LHAASO

作者：F. Aharonian, Q. An, Axikegu, Lixin Bai, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, Xiao-Jun Bi, Y. J. Bi, H. Cai, J. T. Cai, Z. Cao, Zhe Cao, J. F. Chang, J. F. Chang, X. Chang, B.M. Chen, J. Chen, Lin Chen, Lin Chen, Lin Chen, M.J. Chen, Meili Chen, Q.H. Chen, S.H. Chen, S.Z. Chen, T. L. Chen, X.L. Chen, Y. Chen, Na Cheng, Y. D. Cheng, S. W. Cui, Xiaohong Cui, Y. D. Cui, B. Z. Dai, H. L. Dai, Zi-Gao Dai, Danzengluobu Danzengluobu, Runmin Dong, X. Dong, J. H. Fan, Yi-Zhong Fan, Zhiguo Fan, J. Fang, Ke Fang, C. Feng, L. Feng, S. H. Feng, Y. L. Feng, Bo Gao, C. D. Gao, Qiang Gao, Wei Gao, M. M. Ge, Li‐Sheng Geng, G. Gong, Q. B. Gou, Jinliang Gu, M. H. Gu, J. G. Guo, X. L. Guo, Y. Q. Guo, Y. Y. Guo, Yunping Han, H.H He, H. N. He, Jiale He, S. L. He, Xin-Chen He, Yang He, Zhaohao He, Matthieu Heller, Y. K. Hor, Changlun Hou, X. T. Hou, H. B. Hu, S. Hu, S. C. Hu, Xiao Hu, D. Huang, Q. Huang, Wenhao Huang, X. T. Huang, Zhi-Qiu Huang, Fei Ji, X. L. Ji, H. Y. Jia, K. Jiang, Z. J. Jiang, Chichuan Jin, D. Kuleshov, K. Levochkin, Belinda Li, C. Li, C. Li, F. Li, H.B. Li, H.C. Li, H.Y. Li, J. Li, Keda Li, Weimin Li, X. Li, X. Li, X.R. Li, Yun Li, Yinan Li, Z. Li, Z. Li, En‐Wei Liang, Liang Yu, S. J. Lin, Bing Liu, C. Liu, Desheng Liu, H. Liu, H.D. Liu, J. Liu, J.L Liu, J.S. Liu, J.Y. Liu, M.Y. Liu, R.Y. Liu, S.M Liu, W. Liu, Yafei Liu, Z.X. Liu, W. J. Long, Rui Lu, H. K. Lv, B. Q., L. L., Xinhua Ma, J. R. Mao, A. Masood, W. Mitthumsiri, T. Montaruli, Y. C. Nan, B. Y. Pang, P. Pattarakijwanich, Z. Y. Pei, B. D′Ettorre Piazzoli, M. Qi, Jiajun Qin, D. Ruffolo, V. Rulev, A. Sáiz, L. Shao, O. Shchegolev, X. D. Sheng, Jingyan Shi, Chongfu Song, H. C. Song, Yu. V. Stenkin, V. Stepanov, Q. N. Sun, X. N. Sun, Zhaoyong Sun, P. H. T. Tam, Z. Tang, Wei Tian, D. della Volpe, B. D. Wang, C. Wang, H. G. Wang, H. G. Wang, Jincheng Wang, J. Wang, L.P. Wang, Lu‐Yang Wang, R.N. Wang, W. Wang, Wei Wang, Xiang-Gao Wang, Xianwen Wang, X.Y. Wang, Y.D Wang, Yun-Jiang Wang, Ying‐Ping Wang, Zijian Wang, Zijian Wang, Z.H. Wang, Z.X. Wang, Da-Ming Wei, Jun-Jie Wei, Yifan Wei, Tao Wen, C. Y. Wu, H. R. Wu, S. Wu, W. X. Wu, X. F. Wu, Shao-Qiang Xi, J. K. Xia, Jingbo Xia, G. M. Xiang, G. Xiao, Hubing Xiao, G. G. Xin, Y. Xin, Y. Xing, D. L. Xu, Renxin Xu, L. Xue, Dahai Yan, Xiaobing Yan, C. W. Yang, Fang Yang, J. Y. Yang, Lili Yang, Min Yang, Ruizhi Yang, S. B. Yang, Yuhua Yao, Z. G. Yao, Yonglong Ye, L. Q. Yin, N. Yin, X. H. You, Z. Y. You, Y. H. Yu, Q. Yuan, Houdun Zeng, T. X. Zeng, W. Zeng, Z. K. Zeng, M. Zha, X. X. Zhai, Bin‐Bin Zhang, H.M. Zhang, H. Y. Zhang, J.L. Zhang, J. W. Zhang, Li Zhang, Li Zhang, L.X. Zhang, P.F. Zhang, P.P. Zhang, R. Zhang, S.R. Zhang, Shoushan Zhang, X. Zhang, X. P. Zhang, Yu Zhang, Yu Zhang, Y.F. Zhang, Y. L. Zhang, Bing Zhao, J. Y. Zhao, Lei Zhao, Lei Zhao, S. P. Zhao, F. Zheng, Y. G. Zheng, B. Zhou, H. Zhou, Jingzhi Zhou, Ping Zhou, Rong Zhou, Shuiqing Zhou, X. X. Zhou, C. G. Zhu, F. R. Zhu, Hui Zhu, Kejun Zhu, X. Zuo · 发表于：IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science · 年份：2021 · DOI：10.1109/tns.2021.3092739 · 被引用次数：1 · 研究领域：Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena、Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies、Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena

Water Cherenkov detector array (WCDA) is one of the key parts of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), the construction of which was completed by the end of 2020. The WCDA covers a 78 000-m2area and there exist 3120 large size photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) in three ponds: 8-in PMTs are used in WCDA pond No. 1 and 20-in PMTs are used in ponds No. 2 and No. 3. The front-end electronics (FEE) system based on multigain measurement technique is designed to achieve both high-precision time and charge measurements over a large dynamic range from single photon electron (S.P.E.) to 4000 P.E. (for water pond No. 1)/1800 P.E. (for water ponds No. 2 and No. 3). To achieve a high-quality clock distribution and phase alignment as well as mixed transmission of data, clock, and commands in one fiber over a long distance, an enhanced white rabbit (WR) technique is used. Testing of all the 350 FEE modules for the WCDA is presented in this article. Test results indicate that the charge resolution is better than 20% at S.P.E. and 1% at 1800/4000 P.E. and the time resolution is better than 300 ps root mean square (rms), which successfully meets the application requirement. All the FEE modules have been fabricated and installed for the LHAASO WCDA from 2018 to 2020, and the initial commissioning operation indicates that the FEEs function well.