Extracellular Vesicles as an Advanced Delivery Biomaterial for Precision Cancer Immunotherapy

作者：Shaobo Ruan, Zachary Greenberg, Xiaoshu Pan, Pei Zhuang, Nina Erwin, Mei He · 发表于：Advanced Healthcare Materials · 年份：2021 · DOI：10.1002/adhm.202100650 · 被引用次数：68 · 研究领域：Extracellular vesicles in disease、Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics、Immunotherapy and Immune Responses

In recent years, cancer immunotherapy has been observed in numerous preclinical and clinical studies for showing benefits. However, due to the unpredictable outcomes and low response rates, novel targeting delivery approaches and modulators are needed for being effective to more broader patient populations and cancer types. Compared to synthetic biomaterials, extracellular vesicles (EVs) specifically open a new avenue for improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy by offering targeted and site-specific immunity modulation. In this review, the molecular understanding of EV cargos and surface receptors, which underpin cell targeting specificity and precisely modulating immunogenicity, are discussed. Unique properties of EVs are reviewed in terms of their surface markers, intravesicular contents, intrinsic immunity modulatory functions, and pharmacodynamic behavior in vivo with tumor tissue models, highlighting key indications of improved precision cancer immunotherapy. Novel molecular engineered strategies for reprogramming and directing cancer immunotherapeutics, and their unique challenges are also discussed to illuminate EV's future potential as a cancer immunotherapeutic biomaterial.