Extraction of the muon signals recorded with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory using recurrent neural networks

作者：A. Aab, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, Justin M. Albury, I. Allekotte, A. Almela, Jaime Álvarez-Muñiz, Rafael Alves Batista, Gioacchino Alex Anastasi, Luis A. Anchordoqui, Belén Andrada, S. Andringa, C. Aramo, Paulo Ricardo Araújo Ferreira, Juan Carlos Arteaga Velázquez, H. Asorey, P. Assis, G. Ávila, Alina Mihaela Badescu, Alena Bakalová, A. Balaceanu, Felicia Barbato, Ricardo Jorge Barreira Luz, K. Becker, Jose A. Bellido, Corinne Bérat, M. E. Bertaina, X. Bertou, Peter L. Biermann, Teresa Bister, Jonathan Biteau, Jiří Blažek, C. Bleve, M. Boháčová, Denise Boncioli, C. Bonifazi, Luan Bonneau Arbeletche, Nataliia Borodai, Ana Martina Botti, J. Brack, T. Bretz, P. Gabriel Brichetto Orchera, F. L. Briechle, P. Buchholz, A. Bueno, S. Buitink, Mario Buscemi, K. S. Caballero‐Mora, Lorenzo Caccianiga, Fabrizia Canfora, Ioana Caracas, J. M. Carceller, R. Caruso, A. Castellina, Fernando Catalani, G. Cataldi, Lorenzo Cazon, M. Cerda, J. A. Chinellato, K. Choi, J. Chudoba, L. Chytka, R. W. Clay, Agustín Cobos Cerutti, Roberta Colalillo, Alan Coleman, M. R. Coluccia, R. Conceição, Antonio Condorelli, Giovanni Consolati, F. Contreras, Fabio Convenga, Diego Correia dos Santos, C. E. Covault, S. Dasso, K. Daumiller, B. R. Dawson, J.A. Day, R. M. de Almeida, Joaquín de Jesús, S. J. de Jong, G. De Mauro, J.R.T. de Mello Neto, I. De Mitri, Jaime de Oliveira, Danelise de Oliveira Franco, F. de Palma, V. de Souza, Emanuele De Vito, M. del Río, O. Deligny, Armando di Matteo, C. Dobrigkeit, J. C. D’Olivo, R. C. dos Anjos, M. T. Dova, Jan Ebr, R. Engel, Italo Epicoco, M. Erdmann, C. O. Escobar, A. Etchegoyen, H. Falcke, John Farmer, G. Farrar, A. C. Fauth, N. Fazzini, Fridtjof Feldbusch, Francesco Fenu, Brian Fick, J. M. Figueira, A. Filipčić, Tomáš Fodran, M. M. Freire, Toshihiro Fujii, A. Fuster, C. Galea, Claudio Galelli, B. Garćıa, A. L. Garcia Vegas, H. Gemmeke, Flavia Gesualdi, A. Gherghel‐Lascu, P. L. Ghia, Ugo GIACCARI, Marco Giammarchi, M. Giller, Jonas Glombitza, Fabian Gobbi, Fernando Gollan, G. Golup, M. Gómez Berisso, Primo F. Gómez Vitale, J.P. Gongora, J.M. González, Nicolás Martín González, I. Goos, D. Góra, A. Gorgi, M. Gottowik, T. D. Grubb, F. Guarino, G. P. Guedes, Eleonora Guido, S. R. Hahn, P. Hamal, Matías Rolf Hampel, P. Hansen, Diego Harari, Violet M. Harvey, A. Haungs, T. Hebbeker, D. Heck, G. C. Hill, C. Hojvat, J.R. Hörandel, Pavel Horváth, Miroslav Hrabovský, T. Huege, J. Hulsman, A. Insolia, Paula Gina Isar, P. Janeček, John Inge Johnsen, Jakub Jurýšek, A. Kääpä, K.‐H. Kampert, B. Keilhauer, J. Kemp, H.O. Klages, M. Kleifges, J. Kleinfeller, Marcel Köpke, N. Kunka, Bruno L. Lago, Rodrigo Guedes Lang, Niklas Langner, M. A. Leigui de Oliveira, Vladimir Lenok, A. Letessier‐Selvon, Isabelle Lhenry-Yvon, D. Lo Presti, L. Lopes, R. López, L. Lu, Quentin Luce, A. Lucero, Jon Paul Lundquist, Allan Machado Payeras, G. Mancarella, Dušan Mandát, Bradley C. Manning, J. Manshanden, P. Mantsch, S. Marafico, A. G. Mariazzi, Ioana Codrina Mariş, G. Marsella, D. Martello, H. Martínez, O. Martínez Bravo, Massimo Mastrodicasa, Hermann-Josef Mathes, J. Matthews, G. Matthiae, Eric William Mayotte, P. O. Mazur, Gustavo Medina‐Tanco, D. Melo, A. Menshikov, Kevin-Druis Merenda, Stanislav Michal, María Isabel Micheletti, L. Miramonti, Silvia Mollerach, F. Montanet, C. Morello, M. Mostafá, Ana L. Müller, M.A. Muller, Katharine Mulrey, R. Mussa, Marco Stein Muzio, Wilson M. Namasaka, Alina Nasr-Esfahani, L. Nellen, M. Niculescu‐Oglinzanu, Marcus Niechciol, D. Nitz, Dalibor Nosek, Vladimír Novotný, L. Nožka, Achille Nucita, Luis A. Núñez, M. Palatka, J. Pallotta, P. Papenbreer, G. Parente, A. Parra, M. Pech, F. Pedreira, Jan Pękala, R. Pelayo, Jesús Peña-Rodríguez, Edyvânia Emily Pereira Martins, Johnnier Perez Armand, Carmina Pérez Bertolli, Matías Perlin, Lorenzo Perrone, S. Petrera, T. Pierog, M. Pimenta, V. Pirronello, M. Platino, Bjarni Pont, Mart Pothast, P. Privitera, M. Prouza, Andrew Puyleart, Sven Querchfeld, J. Rautenberg, D. Ravignani, Maximilian Reininghaus, J. Řídký, Felix Riehn, M. Risse, V. Rizi, W. Rodrigues de Carvalho, Juan Rojo, M. J. Roncoroni, M. Roth, Esteban Roulet, Adrián Rovero, Philip Ruehl, S. J. Saffi, A. Sǎftoiu, F. Salamida, H. Salazar, G. Salina, Jose Sanabria Gomez, F. Sánchez, Edivaldo Moura Santos, E. Santos, F. Sarazin, R. Sarmento, C. Sarmiento‐Cano, Ricardo Sato, P. Savina, C.M. Schäfer, V. Scherini, H. Schieler, Martin Schimassek, M. Schimp, Felix Schlüter, D. Schmidt, O. Schölten, Petr Schovánek, Frank Schröder, S. Schröder, Josina Schulte, S.J. Sciutto, M. Scornavacche, A. Segreto, S. Sehgal, R.C. Shellard, G. Sigl, G. Silli, O. Sima, Radomir Šmída, P. Sommers, Jorge F. Soriano, J. Souchard, R. Squartini, Maximilian Stadelmaier, D. Stanca, S. Stanič, Jarosław Stasielak, P. Stassi, A. Streich, Mauricio Suárez‐Durán, T. Sudholz, Tiina Suomijärvi, A. D. Supanitsky, J. Šupík, Zbigniew Szadkowski, A. Taboada, A. Tapia, C. Taricco, C. Timmermans, O. Tkachenko, Petr Tobiska, Carlos J. Todero Peixoto, B. Tomé, A. Travaini, P. Travnicek, C. Trimarelli, M. Trini, Matias Jorge Tueros, R. Ulrich, M. Unger, Lukáš Vaclavek, Martin Vacula, J. F. Valdés Galicia, L. Valore, Enrique Varela, V. Varma K.C., A. Vásquez-Ramírez, Darko Veberič, Cynthia Ventura, I.D. Vergara Quispe, V. Verzi, J. Vícha, J. Vink, S. Vorobiov, Hernan Wahlberg, C. Watanabe, A. A. Watson, M. Weber, Andreas Weindl, L. Wiencke, H. Wilczyński, T. Winchen, M. Wirtz, D. Wittkowski, B. Wundheiler, Alexey Yushkov, Orazio Zapparrata, E. Zas, D. Zavrtanik, M. Zavrtanik, L. Zehrer, A. Zepeda · 发表于：Journal of Instrumentation · 年份：2021 · DOI：10.1088/1748-0221/16/07/p07016 · 被引用次数：28 · 研究领域：Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena、Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena、Neutrino Physics Research

Abstract The Pierre Auger Observatory, at present the largest cosmic-ray observatory ever built, is instrumented with a ground array of 1600 water-Cherenkov detectors, known as the Surface Detector (SD). The SD samples the secondary particle content (mostly photons, electrons, positrons and muons) of extensive air showers initiated by cosmic rays with energies ranging from 10 17 eV up to more than 10 20 eV. Measuring the independent contribution of the muon component to the total registered signal is crucial to enhance the capability of the Observatory to estimate the mass of the cosmic rays on an event-by-event basis. However, with the current design of the SD, it is difficult to straightforwardly separate the contributions of muons to the SD time traces from those of photons, electrons and positrons. In this paper, we present a method aimed at extracting the muon component of the time traces registered with each individual detector of the SD using Recurrent Neural Networks. We derive the performances of the method by training the neural network on simulations, in which the muon and the electromagnetic components of the traces are known. We conclude this work showing the performance of this method on experimental data of the Pierre Auger Observatory. We find that our predictions agree with the parameterizations obtained by the AGASA collaboration to describe the lateral distributions of the electromagnetic and muonic components of extensive air showers.