When is it biological control? A framework of definitions, mechanisms, and classifications

作者：Johan A. Stenberg, Ingvar Sundh, Paul G. Becher, Christer Björkman, Mukesh K. Dubey, Paul A. Egan, Hanna Friberg, Jose Fernando Gil, Dan Funck Jensen, Mattias Jonsson, Magnus Karlsson, Sammar Khalil, Velemir Ninkovic, Guillermo Rehermann, Ramesh Raju Vetukuri, Maria Viketoft · 发表于：Journal of Pest Science · 年份：2021 · DOI：10.1007/s10340-021-01354-7 · 被引用次数：327 · 研究领域：Biological Control of Invasive Species、Insect behavior and control techniques、Forest Insect Ecology and Management

Abstract Biological control , or biocontrol , is the exploitation of living agents (incl. viruses) to combat pestilential organisms (incl. pathogens, pests, and weeds) for diverse purposes to provide human benefits. Thus, during the last century the practices and concepts involved have evolved in separate streams associated with distinct scientific and taxonomic disciplines. In parallel developments, there have been increasing references to biological control in industrial contexts and legislation, resulting in conceptual and terminological disintegration. The aim of this paper is to provide a global conceptual and terminological platform that facilitates future development of the field. We review use of previously suggested terms in key fields (e.g., phytopathology, entomology, and weed science), eliminate redundant terminology, identify three principles that should underpin the concept, and then present a new framework for biological control, rooted in seminal publications. The three principles establish that (1) only living agents can mediate biological control, (2) biological control always targets a pest, directly or indirectly, and (3) all biocontrol methods can be classified in four main categories depending on whether resident agents are utilized, with or without targeted human intervention ( conservation biological control and natural biological control , respectively) or agents are added for permanent or temporary establishment ( classical biological control and aug...