Inhibition of xCT suppresses the efficacy of anti-PD-1/L1 melanoma treatment through exosomal PD-L1-induced macrophage M2 polarization

作者：Nian Liu, Jianglin Zhang, Mingzhu Yin, Hong Liu, Xu Zhang, Jiaoduan Li, Bei Yan, Yeye Guo, Jianda Zhou, Juan Tao, Shuo Hu, Xiang Chen, Cong Peng · 发表于：Molecular Therapy · 年份：2021 · DOI：10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.03.013 · 被引用次数：126 · 研究领域：Immune cells in cancer、Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers、Extracellular vesicles in disease

Tumor cells increase glutamate release through the cystine/glutamate transporter cystine-glutamate exchange (xCT) to balance oxidative homeostasis in tumor cells and promote tumor progression. Although clinical studies have shown the potential of targeting programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) signaling in melanoma, response rates are low. However, it remains unclear how glutamate metabolism affects anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment efficacy in melanoma. Here, we demonstrated that although inhibition of xCT either by pharmacological inhibitor (sulfasalazine [SAS]), approved by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for inflammatory diseases, or genetic knockdown induced reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related death in melanoma cells, inhibition of xCT significantly reduced the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade through upregulating PD-L1 expression via the transcription factors IRF4/EGR1, as a consequence, exosomes carrying relatively large amounts of PD-L1 secreted from melanoma cells resulted in M2 macrophage polarization and reduced the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in melanoma. Taken together, our results reveal that inhibition of xCT by SAS is a promising therapeutic strategy for melanoma; on the other hand, SAS treatment blunted the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 via exosomal PD-L1-induced macrophage M2 polarization and eventually induced anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy resistance.