A guide to understanding endoplasmic reticulum stress in metabolic disorders

作者：Imke L. Lemmer, Nienke Willemsen, Nazia Hilal, Alexander Bartelt · 发表于：Molecular Metabolism · 年份：2021 · DOI：10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101169 · 被引用次数：327 · 研究领域：Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Disease、Autophagy in Disease and Therapy、Vitamin C and Antioxidants Research

BACKGROUND: The global rise of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, demands a thorough molecular understanding of the cellular mechanisms that govern health or disease. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a key organelle for cellular function and metabolic adaptation and, therefore disturbed ER function, known as "ER stress," is a key feature of metabolic disorders. SCOPE OF REVIEW: As ER stress remains a poorly defined phenomenon, this review provides a general guide to understanding the nature, etiology, and consequences of ER stress in metabolic disorders. We define ER stress by its type of stressor, which is driven by proteotoxicity, lipotoxicity, and/or glucotoxicity. We discuss the implications of ER stress in metabolic disorders by reviewing evidence implicating ER phenotypes and organelle communication, protein quality control, calcium homeostasis, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and inflammation as key mechanisms in the development of ER stress and metabolic dysfunction. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: In mammalian biology, ER is a phenotypically and functionally diverse platform for nutrient sensing, which is critical for cell type-specific metabolic control by hepatocytes, adipocytes, muscle cells, and neurons. In these cells, ER stress is a distinct, transient state of functional imbalance, which is usually resolved by the activation of adaptive programs such as the unfolded protein response (UPR), ER-associated protein degradatio...