Genomic analysis of the domestication and post-Spanish conquest evolution of the llama and alpaca

作者：Ruiwen Fan, Zhongru Gu, Xuanmin Guang, Juan Carlos Marín, Valeria Varas, Benito A. González, Jane C. Wheeler, Yafei Hu, Erli Li, Xiaohui Sun, Xukui Yang, Chi Zhang, Wenjun Gao, Junping He, Kasper Munch, Russel Corbett-Detig, Mario Barbato, Shengkai Pan, Xiangjiang Zhan, Michael W. Bruford, Changsheng Dong · 发表于：Genome biology · 年份：2020 · DOI：10.1186/s13059-020-02080-6 · 被引用次数：133 · 研究领域：Veterinary Equine Medical Research、Animal Diversity and Health Studies

BACKGROUND: Despite their regional economic importance and being increasingly reared globally, the origins and evolution of the llama and alpaca remain poorly understood. Here we report reference genomes for the llama, and for the guanaco and vicuña (their putative wild progenitors), compare these with the published alpaca genome, and resequence seven individuals of all four species to better understand domestication and introgression between the llama and alpaca. RESULTS: Phylogenomic analysis confirms that the llama was domesticated from the guanaco and the alpaca from the vicuña. Introgression was much higher in the alpaca genome (36%) than the llama (5%) and could be dated close to the time of the Spanish conquest, approximately 500 years ago. Introgression patterns are at their most variable on the X-chromosome of the alpaca, featuring 53 genes known to have deleterious X-linked phenotypes in humans. Strong genome-wide introgression signatures include olfactory receptor complexes into both species, hypertension resistance into alpaca, and fleece/fiber traits into llama. Genomic signatures of domestication in the llama include male reproductive traits, while in alpaca feature fleece characteristics, olfaction-related and hypoxia adaptation traits. Expression analysis of the introgressed region that is syntenic to human HSA4q21, a gene cluster previously associated with hypertension in humans under hypoxic conditions, shows a previously undocumented role for PRDM8 downregu...