Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Toxicity in Head and Neck Cancer: From Identification to Management

作者：Haiyang Wang, Abdulkadir Mustafa, Shixi Liu, Jun Liu, Dan Lv, Hui Yang, Jian Zou · 发表于：Frontiers in Pharmacology · 年份：2019 · DOI：10.3389/fphar.2019.01254 · 被引用次数：47 · 研究领域：Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers、Lung Cancer Treatments and Mutations、Brain Metastases and Treatment

Benefiting from the continuously clarifying underlying biology of immune checkpoints and ligand-receptor interactions, the emergence of new anticancer treatment strategy, immunotherapy has shown substantial benefits on several liquid and solid tumors. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can block the negative regulatory components and enhance the T cell function, thus leading to prominent anticancer activity. On account of their promising effect on various malignancies shown in clinical trials, ICIs have been considered to be the most potent anticancer agents in the near future. Head and neck cancer is the seventh most common neoplasm worldwide, and the gross 5-year survival rate was only 60%. Managing locoregionally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic head and neck tumors is still a challenging problem for both oncologists and surgeons. Recent clinical trials employing the immune-modulating antibodies that target cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) herald a new era of anticancer therapy. However, like all other anticancer drugs, ICIs also have side effects while upregulating the immune system to enhance antitumor response, which were known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Generally, most irAEs were transient, but sometimes they can cause serious organ dysfunction, even fatal. In addition, due to the distinct anatomical feature, advanced head and neck tumors often affect the upper aerodigestive tract and cause seriou...