First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole

作者：Kazunori Akiyama, A. Alberdi, W. Alef, Keiichi Asada, Rebecca Azulay, Anne-Kathrin Baczko, David Ball, Mislav Baloković, John Barrett, Dan Bintley, Lindy Blackburn, W. Boland, Katherine L. Bouman, Geoffrey C. Bower, Michael Bremer, Christiaan D. Brinkerink, Roger Brissenden, S. Britzen, Avery E. Broderick, Dominique Broguière, Thomas Bronzwaer, Do‐Young Byun, J. E. Carlstrom, Andrew Chael, Chi‐kwan Chan, Shami Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Ming‐Tang Chen, Xiaopeng Cheng, Ilje Cho, Pierre Christian, J. E. Conway, J. M. Cordes, G. Crew, Yuzhu Cui, Jordy Davelaar, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Roger Deane, Jessica Dempsey, G. Desvignes, Jason Dexter, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Ralph P. Eatough, H. Falcke, Vincent L. Fish, Ed Fomalont, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, William T. Freeman, Per Friberg, Christian M. Fromm, José L. Gómez, Peter Galison, Charles F. Gammie, Roberto García, Olivier Gentaz, Boris Georgiev, C. Goddi, Roman Gold, Minfeng Gu, Mark Gurwell, Kazuhiro Hada, M. H. Hecht, Ronald Hesper, Luis C. Ho, Paul T. P. Ho, Mareki Honma, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei 磊 Huang 黄, D. H. Hughes, Shiro Ikeda, Makoto Inoue, Sara Issaoun, D. J. James, Buell T. Jannuzi, Michaël Janssen, Britton Jeter, Wu Jiang, Michael D. Johnson, Svetlana G. Jorstad, Taehyun Jung, Mansour Karami, R. Karuppusamy, Tomohisa Kawashima, Garrett K. Keating, Mark Kettenis, Jae-Young Kim, Junhan Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Motoki Kino, Jun Yi Koay, Patrick M. Koch, Shoko Koyama, Michael Kramer, C. Krämer, T. P. Krichbaum, Cheng‐Yu Kuo, Tod R. Lauer, Sang-Sung Lee, Yanrong Li, Zhiyuan 志远 Li 李, M. Lindqvist, Kuo Liu, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Wen-Ping Lo, A. P. Lobanov, Laurent Loinard, C. J. Lonsdale, Ru-Sen Lu, Nicholas R. MacDonald, Jirong 基荣 Mao 毛, Sera Markoff, Daniel P. Marrone, Alan P. Marscher, I. Martí‐Vidal, Satoki Matsushita, Lynn D. Matthews, Lia Medeiros, K. M. Menten, Yosuke Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, J. M. Moran, Kotaro Moriyama, Monika Mościbrodzka, Cornelia Müller, Hiroshi Nagai, Neil M. Nagar, Masanori Nakamura, Ramesh Narayan, Gopal Narayanan, Iniyan Natarajan, R. Neri, Chunchong Ni, A. Noutsos, Hiroki Okino, Héctor Olivares, Gisela N. Ortiz-León, Tomoaki Oyama, Feryal Özel, Daniel C. M. Palumbo, Nimesh Patel, Ue‐Li Pen, Dominic W. Pesce, Vincent Piétu, R. L. Plambeck, Aleksandar PopStefanija, Oliver Porth, Ben Prather, Jorge A. Preciado-López, Dimitrios Psaltis, Hung-Yi Pu, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, Ramprasad Rao, Mark G. Rawlings, Alexander W. Raymond, Luciano Rezzolla, Bart Ripperda, Freek Roelofs, A. E. E. Rogers, E. Ros, Mel Rose, Arash Roshanineshat, Helge Rottmann, A. L. Roy, Chet Ruszczyk, Benjamin R. Ryan, K. L. J. Rygl, Salvador Sánchez, David Sánchez-Argüelles, Mahito Sasada, T. Savolainen, F. Peter Schloerb, K. Schüster, Lijing Shao, Zhi-Qiang Shen, Des Small, Bong Won Sohn, Jason Soohoo, Fumie Tazaki, Paul Tiede, R. P. J. Tilanus, Michael Titus, Kenji Toma, Pablo Torné, Tyler Trent, Sascha Trippe, Shuichiro Tsuda, Ilse van Bemmel, Huib Jan van Langevelde, Daniel R. van Rossum, Jan Wagner, J. F. C. Wardle, Jonathan Weintroub, Norbert Wex, Robert Wharton, Maciek Wielgus, George N. Wong, Qingwen 庆文 Wu 吴, Ken Young, André Young, Ziri Younsi, Feng 峰 Yuan 袁, Ye-Fei 业飞 Yuan 袁, J. A. Zensus, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan Zhao, Ziyan Zhu, Juan Carlos Algaba, Alexander Allardi, Rodrigo Amestica, J. Anczarski, U. Bach, Frederick K. Baganoff, Christopher Beaudoin, B. A. Benson, Ryan Berthold, J. Blanchard, R. Blundell, Sandra Bustamente, R. J. Cappallo, Edgar Castillo-Domínguez, Chih-Cheng Chang, Shu-Hao Chang, Song-Chu Chang, Chung-Chen Chen, Ryan Chilson, Tim C. Chuter, Rodrigo Córdova Rosado, I. M. Coulson, T. M. Crawford, Joseph Crowley, John David, M. Derome, Matthew R. Dexter, Sven Dornbusch, Kevin A. Dudevoir, Sergio A. Dzib, A. Eckart, Chris Eckert, N. R. Erickson, W. Everett, Aaron Faber, Joseph Farah, Vernon Fath, Thomas W. Folkers, David C. Forbes, R. Freund, Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz, David M. Gale, F. Gao, Gertie Geertsema, D. A. Graham, Christopher H. Greer, Ronald Grosslein, Frédéric Gueth, Daryl Haggard, N. W. Halverson, Chih-Chiang Han, Kuo-Chang Han, H. Jinchi, Yutaka Hasegawa, J. W. Henning, A. Hernández-Gómez, R. Herrero‐Illana, S. Heyminck, Akihiko Hirota, James Hoge, Yau-De Huang, C. M. Violette Impellizzeri, Homin Jiang, A. Kamble, Ryan Keisler, Kimihiro Kimura, Yusuke Kono, Derek Kubo, John Kuroda, Richard Lacasse, Robert A. Laing, E. M. Leitch, Chao-Te Li, L. C.-C. Lin, Ching-Tang Liu, Kuan-Yu Liu, Li-Ming Lu, R. G. Marson, Pierre Martin-Cocher, Kyle Massingill, Callie Matulonis, Martin P. McColl, Stephen R. McWhirter, Hugo Messias, Zheng Meyer-Zhao, Daniel Michalik, Alfredo Montaña, William Montgomerie, Matias Mora-Klein, D. Muders, Andrew Nadolski, S. Navarro, Joey Neilsen, Chi H. Nguyen, Hiroaki Nishioka, Timothy Norton, Michael A. Nowak, George Nystrom, Hideo Ogawa, Peter Oshiro, Tomoaki Oyama, Harriet Parsons, Scott Paine, J. Peñalver, N. Phillips, Michael Poirier, Nicolas Pradel, Rurik A. Primiani, Philippe Raffin, A. Rahlin, George Reiland, C. Risacher, Ignacio Ruiz, Alejandro F. Sáez-Madaín, Remi Sassella, P. Schellart, Paul Shaw, Kevin M. Silva, Hotaka Shiokawa, David R. Smith, W. M. Snow, Kamal Souccar, Don Sousa, T. K. Sridharan, Ranjani Srinivasan, William Stahm, A. A. Stark, Kyle Story, Sjoerd T. Timmer, Laura Vertatschitsch, Craig Walther, Ta-Shun Wei, N. Whitehorn, A. R. Whitney, D. P. Woody, J. G. A. Wouterloot, Melvin Wright, Paul Yamaguchi, Chen-Yu Yu, Milagros Zeballos, Shuo Zhang, L. M. Ziurys · 发表于：The Astrophysical Journal Letters · 年份：2019 · DOI：10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7 · 被引用次数：4250 · 研究领域：Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations、Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena、Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research

Abstract When surrounded by a transparent emission region, black holes are expected to reveal a dark shadow caused by gravitational light bending and photon capture at the event horizon. To image and study this phenomenon, we have assembled the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometry array observing at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. This allows us to reconstruct event-horizon-scale images of the supermassive black hole candidate in the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87. We have resolved the central compact radio source as an asymmetric bright emission ring with a diameter of 42 ± 3 μ as, which is circular and encompasses a central depression in brightness with a flux ratio ≳10:1. The emission ring is recovered using different calibration and imaging schemes, with its diameter and width remaining stable over four different observations carried out in different days. Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity. The asymmetry in brightness in the ring can be explained in terms of relativistic beaming of the emission from a plasma rotating close to the speed of light around a black hole. We compare our images to an extensive library of ray-traced general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of black holes and derive a central mass of M = (6.5 ± 0.7) × 10 9 M ⊙ . Our radio-wave observations thus provide powerful evidence for the presence of supermassive black...