Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

作者：Daniel Dicker, Grant Nguyen, Degu Abate, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Solomón Mequanente Abay, Cristiana Abbafati, Nooshin Abbasi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Jemal Abdela, Ahmed Abdelalim, Omar Mohammed Abdel-Rahman, Alireza Abdi, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Ahmed Abdulahi Abdurahman, Haftom Temesgen Abebe, Molla Abebe, Abebe Zegeye, Teshome Abuka Abebo, Victor Aboyans, Haftom Niguse Abraha, Aklilu Roba Abrham, Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad, Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh, Manfred Accrombessi, Pawan Acharya, Oladimeji Adebayo, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Victor Adekanmbi, Olatunji Adetokunboh, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Mina G Adib, Arsène Kouablan Adou, José Carmelo Adsuar, Mohsen Afarideh, Ashkan Afshin, Gina Agarwal, Rakesh Aggarwal, Sargis A. Aghayan, Sutapa Agrawal, Anurag Agrawal, Mehdi Ahmadi, Alireza Ahmadi, Hamid Ahmadieh, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh Brahim Ahmed, Sayem Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, A. S. Akanda, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Mohammed Akibu, Rufus Akinyemi, Tomi Akinyemiju, Nadia Akseer, Fares Alahdab, Ziyad Al‐Aly, Khurshid Alam, Animut Alebel, Alicia V Aleman, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Ayman A. Al-Eyadhy, Raghib Ali, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Reza Alizadeh‐Navaei, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ala’a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Christine A. Allen, Jordi Alonso, Rajaa Mohammad Al-Raddadi, Ubai Alsharif, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán, Azmeraw T. Amare, Erfan Amini, Walid Ammar, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Nahla Hamed Anber, Cătălina Liliana Andrei, Sofia N. Androudi, Megbaru Debalkie Animut, Mina Anjomshoa, Degefaye Zelalem Anlay, Hossein Ansari, Ansariadi Ansariadi, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Olatunde Aremu, Habtamu Abera Areri, Johan Ärnlöv, Megha Arora, Al Artaman, Krishna K Aryal, Mohsen Asadi‐Lari, Hamid Asayesh, Ephrem Tsegay Asfaw, Solomon Weldegebreal Asgedom, Reza Assadi, Zerihun Ataro, Tesfay Mehari Atey, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Suleman Atique, Sachin Atre, Madhu Sudhan Atteraya, Engi Farouk Attia, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Ávila‐Burgos, Euripide Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Baffour Awuah, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Henok Tadesse Ayele, Yohanes Ayele, Rakesh Ayer, Ayuk Betrand Tambe, Peter S. Azzopardi, Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Hamid Badali, Alaa Badawi, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Ayele Geleto Bali, Maciej Banach, Amrit Banstola, Aleksandra M. Barac, Miguel Angel Barboza, Sı́món Barquera, Lope H. Barrero, Huda Omer Basaleem, Quique Bassat, Arindam Basu, Sanjay Basu, Bernhard T. Baune, Shahrzad Bazargan‐Hejazi, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Masoud Behzadifar, Meysam Behzadifar, Yannick Béjot, Bayu Begashaw Bekele, Abate Bekele Belachew, Aregawi Gebreyesus Belay, Ezra Belay, Saba Abraham Belay, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Michelle Lee Bell, Aminu Kasarawa Bello, Derrick Bennett, Isabela M. Benseñor, Adugnaw Berhane, Adam E. Berman, Eduardo Bernabé, Robert S. Bernstein, Gregory J Bertolacci, Mircea Beuran, Tina Beyranvand, Neeraj B. Bhala, Eesh Bhatia, Samir Bhatt, Suraj Raj Bhattarai, Soumyadeeep Bhaumik, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta, Belete Biadgo, Ali Bijani, Boris T. Bikbov, Nigus Bililign, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Sait Mentes Birlik, Charles Birungi, Donal Bisanzio, Tuhin Biswas, Tone Bjørge, Archie Bleyer, Berrak Bora Başara, Dipan Bose, Cristina Bosetti, Soufiane Boufous, Rupert Bourne, Oliver J. Brady, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Luísa Campos Caldeira Brant, Alexandra Bražinová, Nicholas J. K. Breitborde, Hermann Brenner, Gabrielle B. Britton, Traolach Sean Brugha, Kristin E. Burke, Reinhard Busse, Zahid A Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Charlton S K H Callender, Ismael Campos‐Nonato, Julio César Campuzano-Rincón, Jorge Cano, Mate Car, Rosario Cárdenas, Giulia Carreras, Juan Jesús Carrero, Austin Carter, Félix Dias Carvalho, Carlos Andrés Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Franz Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Alanur Çavlin, Ester Cerin, Yazan Chaiah, Ana Paula Silva Champs, Hsing‐Yi Chang, Jung‐Chen Chang, Aparajita Chattopadhyay, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Wanqing Chen, Peggy Pei-Chia Chiang, Odgerel Chimed‐Ochir, Ken Lee Chin, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Abdulaal Chitheer, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Hanne Christensen, Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher, Sheng‐Chia Chung, Flavia Cicuttini, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Círillo, Rafael Moreira Claro, Aarón Cohen, Daniel Collado‐Mateo, María Magdalena Constantin, Sara Conti, Cyrus Cooper, Leslie T. Cooper, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Monica Cortinovis, Ewerton Cousin, Michael H Criqui, Elizabeth A. Cromwell, Christopher Stephen Crowe, John A. Crump, Alexandra Cucu, Matthew W. Cunningham, Alemneh Kabeta Daba, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Anh Kim Dang, Paul Ivor Dargan, Ahmad Daryani, Siddharth Kumar Das, Rajat Das Gupta, José das Neves, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Aditya Prasad Dash, Nicole Davis Weaver, Dragoş Virgil Daviţoiu, Kairat Davletov, Anand Dayama, Barbora Vozarova de Courten, Fernando de la Hoz, Diego De Leo, Jan‐Walter De Neve, Meaza Girma Degefa, Louisa J Degenhardt, Tizta T Degfie, Selina Deiparine, Robert Paul Dellavalle, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Balem Betsu Demtsu, Edgar Denova‐Gutiérrez, Kebede Deribe, Nikolaos Dervenis, Don C. Des Jarlais, Getenet Dessie, Subhojit Dey, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Eric L. Ding, Shirin Djalalinia, David Teye Doku, Kate A Dolan, Christl Ann Donnelly, E. Ray Dorsey, Dirk Douwes‐Schultz, Kerrie Doyle, Thomas M Drake, Tim Driscoll, Manisha Dubey, Eleonora Dubljanin, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, André Rodrigues Durães, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Dumessa Edessa, David Edvardsson, Anne Elise Eggen, Charbel El Bcheraoui, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Mohammed Elfaramawi, Ziad El‐Khatib, Christian Lycke Ellingsen, Iqbal Elyazar, Ahmadali Enayati, Aman Yesuf Endries, Benjamin Er, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Reza Esmaeili, Alireza Esteghamati, Sadaf Esteghamati, Mahdi Fakhar, Hamed Fakhim, Tamer H. Farag, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Mohammad Fareed, Farzaneh Farhadi, Talha Farid, Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha, Andrea Farioli, André Faro, Maryam Sadat Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Mir Sohail Fazeli, Valery L. Feigin, Andrea B Feigl, Fariba Feizy, Netsanet Fentahun, Seyed‐Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Eduarda G. R. Fernandes, João Carlos Fernandes, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Daniel Obadare Fijabi, Irina Filip, Samuel Finegold, Florian Fischer, Luísa Sório Flor, Nataliya A Foigt, John Alexander Ford, Kyle J Foreman, Carla Fornari, Tahvi D. Frank, Richard Charles Franklin, Takeshi Fukumoto, John E Fuller, Nancy Fullman, Thomas Fürst, João M. Furtado, Neal David Futran, Adriana Galan, Silvano Gallus, Кетеван Гамбашидзе, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé, Alberto L. García‐Basteiro, Miguel Ángel García-Gordillo, Teshome Gebre, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Gebremedhin Berhe Gebregergs, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Tilayie Feto Gelano, Yalemzewod Assefa Gelaw, Johanna Marianne Geleijnse, Ricard Gènova-Maleras, Bradford D. Gessner, Sefonias Getachew, Peter W. Gething, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Mohammad Rasoul Ghadami, Reza Ghadimi, Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani, Maryam Ghasemi‐Kasman, Hesam Ghiasvand, Mamata Ghimire, Aloke Gopal Ghoshal, Paramjit Singh Gill, Tiffany K. Gill, Richard F Gillum, Giorgia Giussani, Shifalika Goenka, Srinivas Goli, Ricardo Santiago Gomez, Mari Carmen Gómez‐Cabrera, Hector Gómez‐Dantés, Philimon Nyakauru Gona, Amador Goodridge, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Atsushi Goto, Alessandra Carvalho Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Ayman A. Grada, Giuseppe Grosso, Harish Chander C Gugnani, André Luiz Sena Guimarães, Yuming Guo, Prakash Chandra Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, Bishal Gyawali, Juanita A. Haagsma, Vladimir Hachinski, Nima Hafezi‐Nejad, Tekleberhan Beyene Hagos, Tewodros Tesfa Hailegiyorgis, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Arya Haj‐Mirzaian, Arvin Haj‐Mirzaian, Randah R Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Alexis Jeannine Handal, Graeme J. Hankey, Hilda L Harb, S Harikrishnan, Hamidreza Haririan, Josep María Haro, Mehedi Hasan, Hadi Hassankhani, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Rasmus J. Havmoeller, Roderick J. Hay, Simon Iain Hay, Yihua He, Akbar Hedayatizadeh‐Omran, Mohamed I. Hegazy, Behzad Heibati, Mohsen Heidari, Delia V. Hendrie, Andualem Henok, Nathaniel J Henry, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Claudiu Herţeliu, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Pouria Heydarpour, Sousan Heydarpour, Desalegn Tsegaw Hibstu, Hans Wijbrand Hoek, Michael K. Hole, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Praveen Hoogar, Masako Horino, Hung Chak Ho, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sorin Hostiuc, Mihaela Hostiuc, Peter Jay Hotez, Damian G Hoy, Mohamed Hsaïri, Aung Soe Htet, Guoqing Hu, John J. Huang, Abdullatif S Husseini, Mohammedaman Mama Hussen, Susan M. Hutfless, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Ehimario Uche Igumbor, Chad Thomas Ikeda, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Oluwaseyi Oluwakemi Isehunwa, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Farhad Islami, Leila Jahangiry, Nader Jahanmehr, Rajesh Kumar Jain, Sudhir K. Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljević, Spencer Lewis James, Mehdi Javanbakht, Sudha Jayaraman, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Sun Ha Jee, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Ravi Prakash Jha, Vivekanand Jha, John S. Ji, Sarah Charlotte Johnson, Jost Bruno Jonas, Ankur Joshi, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Suresh Banayya Jungari, Mikk Jürisson, Madhanraj Kalyanasundaram, Zubair Kabir, Rajendra Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, Molla Kahssay, Rizwan Kalani, Umesh Kapil, Manoochehr Karami, Behzad Karami Matin, André Karch, Corine Karema, Narges Karimi, Seyed M Karimi, Hamidreza Karimi‐Sari, Amir Kasaeian, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tesfaye Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes Kassa, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Marzieh Katibeh, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Anil Kumar Kaul, Norito Kawakami, Hossein Kazemeini, Zhila Kazemi, Ali Kazemi Karyani, K C Prakash, Seifu Kebede, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Grant Rodgers Kemp, André Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Maia Kereselidze, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Alireza Khajavi, Nauman Khalid, Ibrahim A Khalil, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Muhammad Ali Khan, Young‐Ho Khang, Tripti Khanna, Mona M Khater, Alireza Khatony, Habibolah Khazaie, Abdullah T Khoja, Ardeshir Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Ali Kiadaliri, Getiye Dejenu Kibret, Cho‐il Kim, Daniel J Kim, Jun Yup Kim, Young‐Eun Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Yohannes Kinfu, Sanjay Kinra, Adnan Kısa, Katarzyna Kissimova‐Skarbek, Niranjan “Tex” Kissoon, Mika Kivimäki, Marcus Edi Kleber, Luke D. Knibbs, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Sonali Kochhar, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Tufa Kolola, Jacek A Kopec, Margaret N. Kosek, Soewarta Kosen, Parvaiz Ahmad Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Michael A Kravchenko, Kewal Krishan, Sanjay Krishnaswami, Barthélémy Kuate Defo, Burcu Küçük Biçer, Andreas A Kudom, Ernst Johan Kuipers, Xie Rachel Kulikoff, G Anil Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, Fekede Asefa Kumsa, Michael Kutz, Sheetal D Lad, Alessandra Lafranconi, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Ratilal Lalloo, Hilton Y. Lam, Faris Lami, Qing Lan, Sinéad Langan, Van Charles Lansingh, Sônia Lansky, Heidi Jane Larson, Dennis Odai Laryea, Zohra S Lassi, Arman Latifi, Pablo M. Lavados, Avula Laxmaiah, Jeffrey Victor Lazarus, Georgy S. Lebedev, Paul Hong Lee, James Leigh, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Samson Leta, Miriam Levi, Shanshan Li, Li Yichong, Xiaohong Li, Juan Liang, Xiaofeng Liang, Misgan Legesse Liben, Lee‐Ling Lim, Stephen S Lim, Miteku Andualem Limenih, Shai Linn, Shiwei Liu, Yang Liu, Rakesh Lodha, Giancarlo Logroscino, Chris Lonsdale, Scott A. Lorch, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A. Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Tim C. D. Lucas, Raimundas Lunevičius, Ronan Anthony Lyons, Stefan Ma, Crispin Mabika, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Mark Thomas Mackay, Emilie R Maddison, Ralph Maddison, Fabiana Madotto, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Dhaval P Maghavani, Marek Majdán, Reza Majdzadeh, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Manzoor Ahmad Malik, Déborah Carvalho Malta, Abdullah Al Mamun, Wondimu Ayele Manamo, Ana-Laura Manda, Mohammad Alì Mansournia, LG Mantovani, Chabila Christopher Mapoma, Dadi Marami, Joemer Calderon Maravilla, Wagner Segura Marcenes, Shakhnazarova Marina, José Martı́nez-Raga, Sheila Cristina Ouriques Martins, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins‐Melo, Winfried März, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, Tivani P. Mashamba-Thompson, Felix Masiye, Benjamin Ballard Massenburg, Pallab Kumar Maulik, Mohsen Mazidi, John Joseph McGrath, Martin McKee, Suresh Mehata, Sanjay Madhav Mehendale, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Ravi Mehrotra, Kala M. Mehta, Varshil Mehta, Tesfa Mekonen, Tefera Chane Mekonnen, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam Meles, Addisu Dagnaw Melese, Mulugeta Melku, Peter T. N. Memiah, Ziad Ahmed Memish, Walter Mendoza, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Getnet Mengistu, George A. Mensah, Seid Tiku Mereta, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Meštrović, Haftay Berhane Mezgebe, Yodé Miangotar, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Ted R. Miller, GK Mini, Andreea Mirică, Erkin Mirsaidovich Mirrakhimov, Awoke Temesgen Misganaw, Babak Moazen, Nurilign Abebe Moges, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Moslem Mohammadi, Noushin Mohammadifard, Maryam Mohammadi‐Khanaposhtani, Mousa Mohammadnia‐Afrouzi, Shafiu Mohammed, Mohammed A. Mohammed, Viswanathan Mohan, Ali H. Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Lorenzo Monasta, Ghobad Moradi, Mahmoudreza Moradi, Maziar Moradi‐Lakeh, Mehdi Moradinazar, Paula Moraga, Lídia Morawska, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Shane Douglas Morrison, Abbas Mosapour, Marilita M. Moschos, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Achenef Asmamaw Muche, Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Erin C Mullany, Kate Muller, Manoj Vasanth Murhekar, Tasha Murphy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy, Srinivas Murthy, Jonah Musa, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ghulam Mustafa, Muthupandian Saravanan, Jean Bisimwa Nachega, Gabriele Nagel, Mohsen Naghavi, Aliya Naheed, Azin Nahvijou, Gurudatta Naik, Sanjeev Nair, Farid Najafi, Vinay B. Nangia, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Haseeb Nawaz, Busisiwe Purity Ncama, Nahid Neamati, Ionuţ Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Subas Neupane, Charles R. Newton, Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Ha Thu Thi Nguyen, Huong Thanh Nguyen, Long Hoang Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Yirga Legesse Nirayo, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Molly R Nixon, Nomonde Nolutshungu, Shuhei Nomura, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Mehdi Noroozi, Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Hamid Reza Nouri, Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Mohammad Reza Nowroozi, Elaine Okanyene Nsoesie, Peter Suwirakwenda Nyasulu, Richard Ofori‐Asenso, Okechukwu Samuel Ogah, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In‐Hwan Oh, Anselm Okoro, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Pedro Rufino Olivares, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Sok King Ong, John Nelson Opio, Eyal Oren, Justin R. Ortiz, Alberto Arduan Ortiz, Erika Ota, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Simon Nygaard Øverland, Mayowa Ojo Owolabi, Abayomi Samuel Oyekale, Padukudru Anand Mahesh, Rosana Pacella, Smita Sakha Pakhale, Abhijit P Pakhare, Adrian Pană, Basant Kumar Panda, Songhomitra Panda‐Jonas, Achyut Raj Pandey, Jeyaraj Durai Pandian, Andrea Parisi, Eun‐Kee Park, Charles D. H. Parry, Hadi Parsian, Shanti Patel, Ajay Patle, Scott Burton Patten, George Patton, Deepak Raj Paudel, Neil Pearce, Emmanuel Kwame Peprah, Alexandre C. Pereira, David M. Pereira, Krystle Perez, Norberto Perico, Aslam Pervaiz, Konrad Pesudovs, William A. Petri, Max Petzold, Michael Phillips, David M. Pigott, Julian David Pillay, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Farhad Pishgar, Dietrich Plaß, Suzanne Polinder, Constance Dimity Pond, Svetlana Popova, Maarten Jacobus Postma, Farshad Pourmalek, Akram Pourshams, Hossein Poustchi, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, V. Prakash, Swayam Prakash, Narayan Prasad, Mostafa Qorbani, D. Alex Quistberg, Amir Radfar, Anwar Rafay, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Kazem Rahimi, Afarin Rahimi‐Movaghar, Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar, Mahfuzar Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Rajesh Kumar, Fatemeh Rajati, Saša Rajšić, Sree Bhushan Raju, Usha Ram, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Prabhat Ranjan, Annemarei Anna Ranta, Davide Rasella, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Sarah E. Ray, Christian Razo-García, Maria Albertina Santiago Rego, Jürgen Rehm, Robert C. Reiner, Nickolas Reinig, Cesar Reis, Giuseppe Remuzzi, André M. N. Renzaho, Serge Resnikoff, Satar Rezaei, Shahab Rezaeian, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro, Horacio Riojas, María Jesús Ríos-Blancas, Kedir Teji Roba, Stephen R. Robinson, Leonardo Roever, Luca Ronfani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Denis O Roshchin, Ali Rostami, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Enrico Rubagotti, George Mugambage Ruhago, Soheil Saadat, Yogesh Sabde, Perminder Singh Sachdev, Basema Saddik, Ehsan Sadeghi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Hosein Safari, Yahya Safari, Roya Safari‐Faramani, Mahdi Safdarian, Sare Safi, Saeid Safiri, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Haniye Sadat Sajadi, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Nasir Salam, Joseph S Salama, Payman Salamati, Raphael de Freitas Saldanha, Yahya Salimi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Inbal Weiss Salz, Evanson Zondani Sambala, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Ramon Sanabria, María Dolores Sánchez-Niño, Itamar S Santos, João Vasco Santos, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sâo José, Mayank Sardana, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Benn K. D. Sartorius, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Miloje Savic, Arundhati R Sawant, Monika S. Sawhney, Sonia K Saxena, Mehdi Sayyah, Vinod Scaria, Elke Schäeffner, Kathryn Schelonka, María Inês Schmidt, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Ben Schöttker, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, David C. Schwebel, Falk Schwendicke, James G. Scott, Mario Šekerija, Sadaf Ghajarieh Sepanlou, Edson E Servan-Mori, Hosein Shabaninejad, Katya Anne Shackelford, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Amira A Shaheen, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ra'ad A. Shakir, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Heidar Sharafi, Kiomars Sharafi, Mehdi Sharif, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Meenakshi Sharma, Jayendra R. Sharma, Rajesh Sharma, Jun She, Aziz Sheikh, Kevin Navin Sheth, Peilin Shi, Kenji Shibuya, Girma Temam Shifa, Mekonnen Sisay Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, Ivy Shiue, Farhad Shokraneh, Mark G. Shrime, Sharvari Shukla, Si Si, Soraya Siabani, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Inga Dóra Sigfúsdóttir, Rannveig Sigurvinsdóttir, Naris Silpakit, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, João Pedro Silva, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Narayana Sarma V. Singam, Jasvinder A. Singh, Virendra B. Singh, Anju Pradhan Sinha, Dhirendra Narain Sinha, Freddy Sitas, Vegard Skirbekk, Karen Sliwa, Adauto Martins Soares Filho, Badr Hasan Sobaih, Soheila Sobhani, Moslem Soofi, Joan Bautista Soriano, Ireneous N Soyiri, Luciano Alberto Sposato, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Vinay Srinivasan, Rakesh Kumar Srivastava, Vladimir I. Starodubov, Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Nicholas Steel, Dan J. Stein, Caitlyn Steiner, Leo Graiden Stewart, Mark Andrew Stokes, Agus Sudaryanto, Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Gerhard Sulo, Bruno Fokas Sunguya, Patrick John Sur, Ipsita Sutradhar, Bryan L. Sykes, PN Sylaja, Dillon O Sylte, Cassandra E. I. Szoeke, Rafael Tabarés‐Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Ken Takahashi, Nikhil Tandon, Aberash Abay Tassew, Segen Gebremeskel Tassew, Mohammad Ali Tavakkoli, Nuno Taveira, Nega Yimer Tawye, Arash Tehrani‐Banihashemi, Tigist Gashaw Tekalign, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Habtamu Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani A. Temsah, Omar Temsah, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Manaye Yihune Teshale, Belay Tessema, Mebrahtu Teweldemedhin, Jarnail Singh Thakur, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Laura Anne Thomas, Nihal Thomas, Amanda Gay Thrift, Binyam Chakilu Tilahun, Quyen Gia To, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Marcello A. Tonelli, Roman Topór-Mądry, Fotis Topouzis, Anna E Torre, Miguel Tortajada‐Girbés, Marcos Roberto Tovani‐Palone, Jeffrey A Towbin, Bach Xuan Tran, Khanh Bao Tran, Suryakant Tripathi, Srikanth Prasad Tripathy, Thomas Clement Truelsen, Nu Thi Truong, Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik, Nikolaos Tsilimparis, Lorainne Tudor Car, Emin Murat Tuzcu, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja, Irfan Ullah, Muhammad Usman, Olalekan Abdulrahman Uthman, Selen Begüm Uzun, Muthiah Vaduganathan, Afsane Vaezi, Gaurang Nandkishor Vaidya, Pascual Ruben Valdez, Elena A. Varavikova, Santosh Varughese, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Ana Maria Nogales Vasconcelos, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Ramesh Vidavalur, Santos Villafaina, Francesco Saverio Violante, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Vasily Vlassov, Stein Emil Vollset, Theo Vos, Kia Vosoughi, Isidora S Vujcic, Gregory R. Wagner, Fasil Wagnew, Yasir Waheed, Yanping Wang, Yuan‐Pang Wang, Molla Mesele Wassie, Elisabete Weiderpass, Robert G Weintraub, Daniel J. Weiss, Jordan B. Weiss, Fitsum Weldegebreal, Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs, Andrea Werdecker, Ronny Westerman, Harvey Whiteford, Justyna Widecka, Katarzyna Widecka, Tissa Wijeratne, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Sintayehu Ambachew Wondemagegn, Shouling Wu, Grant M. A. Wyper, Gelin Xu, Rajaram Yadav, Bereket Yakob, Tomohide Yamada, Lijing L. Yan, Yuichiro Yano, Mehdi Yaseri, Yasin Jemal Yasin, Pengpeng Ye, Jamal Akeem Yearwood, Gökalp Kadri Yentür, Alex Yeshaneh, Ebrahim M Yimer, PAUL S. F. YIP, Engida Yisma, Naohiro Yonemoto, Seok‐Jun Yoon, Hunter Wade York, Marcel Yotebieng, Mustafa Z Younis, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Chuanhua Yu, Geevar Zachariah, Vesna Zadnik, Shamsa Zafar, Zoubida Zaidi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Mohammad Usman Zamani, Zohreh Zare, Hajo Zeeb, Mulugeta Molla Zeleke, Zerihun Menlkalew Zenebe, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Kai Zhang, Xueying Zhang, Maigeng Zhou, Jun Wei Zhu, SANJAY P. ZODPEY, Inbar Zucker, Liesl Joanna Zuhlke, Alan D Lopez, Emmanuela E. Gakidou, Christopher J L Murray · 发表于：The Lancet · 年份：2018 · DOI：10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31891-9 · 被引用次数：1220 · 研究领域：Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management、Global Maternal and Child Health、Global Health Care Issues

BACKGROUND: Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally. METHODS: The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed sep...