The Burden of Primary Liver Cancer and Underlying Etiologies From 1990 to 2015 at the Global, Regional, and National Level

作者：Tomi Akinyemiju, Semaw Ferede Abera, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Noore Alam, Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu, Christine A. Allen, Rajaa Al‐Raddadi, Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Al Artaman, Tadesse Awoke Ayele, Aleksandra Barać, Isabela M. Benseñor, Adugnaw Berhane, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Jacqueline Castillo-Rivas, Abdulaal Chitheer, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Benjamin Cowie, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Subhojit Dey, Daniel Dicker, Huyen Phuc, Donatus U. Ekwueme, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Florian Fischer, Thomas Fürst, Jamie Hancock, Simon I Hay, Peter J. Hotez, Sun Ha Jee, Amir Kasaeian, Yousef Khader, Young‐Ho Khang, G Anil Kumar, Michael Kutz, Heidi J. Larson, Alan D Lopez, Raimundas Lunevičius, Reza Malekzadeh, Colm McAlinden, Toni Meier, Walter Mendoza, Ali H. Mokdad, Maziar Moradi‐Lakeh, Gabriele Nagel, Quyen Le Nguyen, Grant Nguyen, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, George Patton, David M. Pereira, Farshad Pourmalek, Mostafa Qorbani, Amir Radfar, Gholamreza Roshandel, Joshua A. Salomon, Juan Sanabria, Benn Sartorius, Maheswar Satpathy, Monika Sawhney, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Katya Anne Shackelford, Hirbo Shore Roba, Jiandong Sun, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Roman Topór-Mądry, Bach Xuan Tran, Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja, Vasily Vlassov, Stein Emil Vollset, Theo Vos, Tolassa Wakayo, Elisabete Weiderpass, Andrea Werdecker, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Chuanhua Yu, Zoubida Zaidi, Liguo Zhu, Christopher J L Murray, Mohsen Naghavi, Christina Fitzmaurice · 发表于：JAMA Oncology · 年份：2017 · DOI：10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3055 · 被引用次数：2042 · 研究领域：Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment、Hepatitis B Virus Studies、Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and Prognosis

IMPORTANCE Liver cancer is among the leading causes of cancer deaths globally.The most common causes for liver cancer include hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and alcohol use.OBJECTIVE To report results of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 study on primary liver cancer incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 195 countries or territories from 1990 to 2015, and present global, regional, and national estimates on the burden of liver cancer attributable to HBV, HCV, alcohol, and an "other" group that encompasses residual causes. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTSMortality was estimated using vital registration and cancer registry data in an ensemble modeling approach.Single-cause mortality estimates were adjusted for all-cause mortality.Incidence was derived from mortality estimates and the mortality-to-incidence ratio.Through a systematic literature review, data on the proportions of liver cancer due to HBV, HCV, alcohol, and other causes were identified.Years of life lost were calculated by multiplying each death by a standard life expectancy.Prevalence was estimated using mortality-to-incidence ratio as surrogate for survival.Total prevalence was divided into 4 sequelae that were multiplied by disability weights to derive years lived with disability (YLDs).DALYs were the sum of years of life lost and YLDs. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESLiver cancer mortality, incidence, YLDs, years of life lost, DALYs by etiology, age...