State of the Climate in 2012 (SCI)

作者：Jessica Blunden, Derek S. Arndt, C. Achberger, Steven A. Ackerman, Adelina Albanil, Patrick Alexander, Eric J. Alfaro, Rob Allan, Lincoln Muniz Alves, Jorge A. Amador, Peter Ambenje, S. Andrianjafinirina, John I. Antonov, José Antônio Aravéquia, A. A. Arendt, Juan Antonio Torrents Arévalo, Igor Ashik, Zachary Atheru, Viva F. Banzon, Molly Baringer, Sandra Barreira, David Barriopedro, G. R. Beard, Andreas Becker, Michael J. Behrenfeld, Gerald D. Bell, Angela Benedetti, G. Bernhard, Paul Berrisford, David I. Berry, Uma S. Bhatt, Mario Pérez Bidegain, Nathaniel L. Bindoff, Peter Bissolli, Eric S. Blake, R. Blake E.S. Booneeady, M. G. Bosilovich, Jason E. Box, Tim Boyer, Geir Braathen, David H. Bromwich, Robin Brown, Laura C. Brown, Lori Bruhwiler, Olga Bulygina, David Burgess, John P. Burrows, Blanca Calderón, Suzana J. Camargo, Jesse W. Campbell, Y. Cao, John Cappelen, Gualberto Carrasco, D. P. Chambers, Ladislaus Benedict Chang’a, Petra R. Chappell, W. Chehade, M. Cheliah, Hanne H. Christiansen, John R. Christy, Philippe Ciais, Caio A. S. Coelho, J. Graham Cogley, S. R. Colwell, Jessica Cross, Jake Crouch, Stuart A. Cunningham, M. Dacic, Richard de Jeu, Francis S. Dekaa, Mesut Demircan, Chris Derksen, Howard J. Diamond, E. J. Dlugokencky, Kathleen Dohan, A. J. Dolman, Catia M. Domingues, Dong Si, Wouter Dorigo, Dmitry Drozdov, Claude Duguay, Robert Dunn, Ana María Durán‐Quesada, G. S. Dutton, C Ehmann, James W. Elkins, Christian Euscátegui, J. S. Famiglietti, Fang Feng, Nicolas Fauchereau, Richard A. Feely, B M Fekete, Chris Fenimore, Vitali Fioletov, Chris Fogarty, Ryan L. Fogt, C. K. Folland, Michael J. Foster, Eleanor Frajka‐Williams, Bryan A. Franz, S. M. Frith, И. Е. Фролов, Catherine Ganter, Silvia L. Garzoli, M. L. Geai, S. Gerland, W Gitau, Karin Gleason, Nadine Gobron, Stanley B. Goldenberg, Gustavo Goñi, Simon Good, Jon Gottschalck, Matt Gregg, Georgina M. Griffiths, J U Grooss, Charles “Chip” P. Guard, Shyam Gupta, B. D. Hall, M. S. Halpert, Yusuke Harada, Claudine Hauri, Andrew K. Heidinger, Anu Heikkilä, Richard R. Heim, Patrick Heimbach, Hugo G. Hidalgo, Kyle Hilburn, Shu‐peng Ho, Will Hobbs, Holgate, Anahit Hovsepyan, Zeng‐Zhen Hu, Peter J. Hughes, D. F. Hurst, Randi B. Ingvaldsen, Antje Inness, Ena Jaimes, Martin Jakobsson, Adamu James, Martin O. Jeffries, William E. Johns, Bjørn Johnsen, G C Johnson, Bryan Johnson, Leigh Jones, Guillaume Jumaux, K. Kabidi, J. Kaiser, André Kamga, Kwangmin Kang, Torsten Kanzow, Hsun‐Ying Kao, Linda M. Keller, John Kennedy, J. S. Key, Samar Khatiwala, Homa Kheyrollah Pour, A. L. Kholodov, Mahbobeh Khoshkam, Agnes Lawrence Kijazi, Takashi Kikuchi, B M Kim, S J Kim, Todd B. Kimberlain, John A. Knaff, Natalia N. Korshunova, Tapani Koskela, Vernon E. Kousky, N. A. Kramarova, David P. Kratz, Richard Krishfield, Albert Hermann Krüger, Michael C. Kruk, Avinash Kumar, Gary Lagerloef, Kaisa Lakkala, Mark A. Lander, Christopher W. Landsea, Matthias Lankhorst, Tuomas Laurila, Matthew A. Lazzara, C Lee, E. W. Leuliette, Sydney Levitus, Michelle L’Heureux, JL Lieser, Lin Lin, Y Y Liu, Y Liu, H X Liu, Y J Liu, René Lobato-Sánchez, Ricardo Locarnini, Norman G. Loeb, Harald Loeng, C. S. Long, Andrew M. Lorrey, Philbert Luhunga, Rick Lumpkin, Jing‐Jia Luo, John M. Lyman, Alison M. Macdonald, B. C. Maddux, C. Malekela, G. L. Manney, S. S. Marchenko, J. A. Marengo, Jochem Marotzke, John J. Marra, R. Martinez-Guingla, Robert A. Massom, Jeremy T. Mathis, Chris McBride, Gerard McCarthy, Tim R. McVicar, C. A. Mears, Walter N. Meier, Christopher S. Meinen, Melisa Menéndez, M. A. Merrifield, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Gary T. Mitchum, S. A. Montzka, Jean‐Jacques Morcrette, Thomas L. Mote, Jens Mühle, Bernhard Mühr, A. Brett Mullan, Rolf Müller, Eric R. Nash, R. S. Nerem, Michele L. Newlin, Paul A. Newman, Hashim K. Ng’ongolo, Juanjo Nieto, Shigeto Nishino, H. Nitsche, Jeannette Noetzli, N. G. Oberman, André Obregón, Laban Ogallo, Christopher Oludhe, Mohamed Omar, J. E. Overland, Lamjav Oyunjargal, Robert Parinussa, G H Park, E H Park, Douglas J. Parker, Richard J. Pasch, Reynaldo Pascual-Ramirez, Maury S. Pelto, Olga C. Penalba, Peng Liang, Donald K. Perovich, Alexandre Bernardes Pezza, Dustin Phillips, Robert S. Pickart, B. Pinty, M. C. Pitts, Sarah G. Purkey, S. Quegan, Juan Quintana, Benjamin Rabe, Fatemeh Rahimzadeh, N. Raholijao, I. Raiva, M. Rajeevan, Voahanginirina Anne Marie Pierrette Ramiandrisoa, Andrea M. Ramos, S. Ranivoarissoa, Nick A Rayner, D. Rayner, V.N. Razuveav, James Reagan, Philip C. Reid, J A Renwick, J. Revedekar, J. Richter-Menge, Ingrid L. Rivera, D. A. Robinson, M. Rodell, V. E. Romanovsky, Josyane Ronchail, Karen H. Rosenlof, Christopher L. Sabine, Michael Salvador, Ahira Sánchez-Lugo, M. L. Santee, Ingo Sasgen, P. Sawaengphokhai, Amal Sayouri, T. A. Scambos, Ursula Schauer, Jae Schemm, Peter Schlösser, Claudia Schmid, Carl J. Schreck, Igor Semiletov, Uwe Send, Serhat Şensoy, Alberto Setzer, J. P. Severinghaus, N. E. Shakhova, Martin Sharp, N. I. Shiklomanov, David A. Siegel, V.B.S. Silva, F D S Silva, F. Sima, Petio Simeonov, Ian Simmonds, A. J. Simmons, Milagros Skansi, David Smeed, William M. Smethie, Alison Smith, Clarence D. Smith, Sharon L. Smith, T. Smith, V. N. Sokolov, A. K. Srivastava, Paul W. Stackhouse, Sharon Stammerjohn, Michael Steele, Konrad Steffen, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, Tannecia S. Stephenson, J. J. Su, Tove Svendby, William Sweet, Tsutomu Takahashi, R M Tanabe, Michael A. Taylor, M. Tedesco, Wei-ping Teng, Jean‐Noël Thépaut, Wassila M. Thiaw, Richard Thoman, Philip R. Thompson, Peter Thorne, Mary‐Louise Timmermans, Skie Tobin, John M. Toole, Blair Trewin, Ricardo M. Trigo, Adrian Trotman, Mr Peter Tschudi, R. S. W. van de Wal, Guido R. van der Werf, R. Vautard, Jorge Vázquez, Gonçalo Vieira, Linwood Vincent, Russell S. Vose, Wolfgang Wagner, John Wahr, J. Brandon Walsh, J H Wang, C Z Wang, Mei Wang, S H Wang, L Wang, Richard H Wanninkhof, Scott J. Weaver, Mike Weber, P. Jeremy Werdell, R Whitewood, Susan Wijffels, Anne C. Wilber, Jeanette D. Wild, Kate M. Willett, William J. Williams, J. K. Willis, G. J. Wolken, Tony E. Wong, Rebecca A. Woodgate, D. E. J. Worthy, Bert Wouters, Alex J. Wovrosh, Xue Yang, Ryo Yamada, Ziyun Yin, L S Yu, L Y Zhang, P Q Zhang, Lin Zhao, Jiuwei Zhao, Wenli Zhong, J. R. Ziemke, Sarah Zimmermann · 年份：2013 · 研究领域：Coastal and Marine Management

For the first time in serveral years, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation did not dominate regional climate conditions around the globe. A weak La Ni a dissipated to ENSOneutral conditions by spring, and while El Nino appeared to be emerging during summer, this phase never fully developed as sea surface temperatures in the eastern conditions. Nevertheless, other large-scale climate patterns and extreme weather events impacted various regions during the year. A negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation from mid-January to early February contributed to frigid conditions in parts of northern Africa, eastern Europe, and western Asia. A lack of rain during the 2012 wet season led to the worst drought in at least the past three decades for northeastern Brazil. Central North America also experienced one of its most severe droughts on record. The Caribbean observed a very wet dry season and it was the Sahel's wettest rainy season in 50 years. Overall, the 2012 average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces ranked among the 10 warmest years on record. The global land surface temperature alone was also among the 10 warmest on record. In the upper atmosphere, the average stratospheric temperature was record or near-record cold, depending on the dataset. After a 30-year warming trend from 1970 to 1999 for global sea surface temperatures, the period 2000-12 had little further trend. This may be linked to the prevalence of La Ni a-like conditions during the 21st century. Heat conten...