Understanding transport simulations of heavy-ion collisions at 100 A and 400 A MeV: Comparison of heavy-ion transport codes under controlled conditions

作者：Jun Xu, Lie-Wen Chen, M. B. Tsang, H.H. Wolter, Ying-Xun Zhang, Joerg Aichelin, M. Colonna, Dan Cozma, Paweł Danielewicz, Zhao-Qing Feng, A. Le Fèvre, T. Gaitanos, C. Hartnack, Kyungil Kim, Youngman Kim, Che Ming Ko, Bao-An Li, Qingfeng Li, Zhu-Xia Li, P. Napolitani, Akira Ono, Massimo Papa, Taesoo Song, Jun Su, Junlong Tian, Ning Wang, Yongjia Wang, Janus Weil, Wen-Jie Xie, Feng-Shou Zhang, Guo‐Qiang Zhang · 发表于：Physical Review C · 年份：2016 · DOI：10.1103/physrevc.93.044609 · 被引用次数：153 · 研究领域：Nuclear physics research studies、High-Energy Particle Collisions Research、Nuclear reactor physics and engineering

Transport simulations are very valuable for extracting physics information from heavy-ion-collision experiments. With the emergence of many different transport codes in recent years, it becomes important to estimate their robustness in extracting physics information from experiments. We report on the results of a transport-code-comparison project. Eighteen commonly used transport codes were included in this comparison: nine Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck-type codes and nine quantum-molecular-dynamics-type codes. These codes have been asked to simulate $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions using the same physics input for mean fields and for in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections, as well as the same impact parameter, the similar initialization setup, and other calculational parameters at $100A$ and $400A$ MeV incident energy. Among the codes we compare one-body observables such as rapidity and transverse flow distributions. We also monitor nonobservables such as the initialization of the internal states of colliding nuclei and their stability, the collision rates, and the Pauli blocking. We find that not completely identical initializations may have contributed partly to different evolutions. Different strategies to determine the collision probabilities and to enforce the Pauli blocking also produce considerably different results. There is a substantial spread in the predictions for the observables, which is much smaller at the higher incident energy. We quantify the uncertaint...